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\begin{document}

\title{Effect of Bed Clay on Surface-Water Wave Reconstruction from Ripples}



\author[1]{Jonathan Malarkey}%
\author[2]{Ellen Pollard}%
\author[3]{Roberto Fernández}%
\author[4]{Xuxu WU}%
\author[1]{Jaco H. Baas}%
\author[5]{Daniel R. Parsons}%
\affil[1]{Bangor University}%
\affil[2]{Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull}%
\affil[3]{Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University}%
\affil[4]{University of Hull}%
\affil[5]{Loughborough University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Wave ripples can provide valuable information on their formative
hydrodynamic conditions in past subaqueous environments by inverting
dimension predictors. However, these inversions do not usually take the
mixed non-cohesive and cohesive nature of sediment beds into account.
Recent experiments involving sand--kaolinite mixtures have demonstrated
that wave-ripple dimensions and the threshold of motion are affected by
bed clay content. Here, a clean-sand method to determine wave climate
based on orbital ripple wavelength has been adapted to include the
effect of clay and a consistent shear-stress threshold parameterisation.
Based on present-day examples with known wave conditions, the results
show that the largest clay effect occurs for coarse sand with median
grain diameters over 0.45 mm. For a 7.4\% volumetric clay concentration,
the range of possible water-surface wavelengths and water depths can be
reduced significantly, by a factor of three and four, respectively,
compared to clean sand.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`malarkey_Supporting_information.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/545296/articles/741327-effect-of-bed-clay-on-surface-water-wave-reconstruction-from-ripples}

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