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\begin{document}

\title{Where are the proto-South China Sea slabs? SE Asian plate tectonics and
mantle flow history from global mantle convection modeling}



\author[1]{Yi-An Lin}%
\author[1]{Lorenzo Colli}%
\author[1]{Jonny Wu}%
\affil[1]{University of Houston}%


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  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The plate tectonic history of the hypothesized `proto-South China Sea'
(PSCS) ocean basin and surrounding SE Asia since Cenozoic times is
controversial. We implement four diverse PSCS plate reconstructions into
global geodynamic models to constrain PSCS plate tectonics and possible
slab locations. We consider: southward versus double-sided PSCS
subduction models; earlier (Eocene) or later (late Oligocene) initiation
of Borneo counterclockwise rotations; and, larger or smaller
reconstructed Philippine Sea plate sizes. We compare our modeling
results against tomographic images by taking into account mineralogical
effects and the finite resolution of seismic tomography. All geodynamic
models reproduce the tomographically-imaged Sunda slabs beneath
Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Java. Southward PSCS subduction
produces slabs beneath present Palawan, northern Borneo, and offshore
Palawan. Double-sided PSCS subduction combined with earlier Borneo
rotations uniquely reproduces sub-horizontal slabs under the southern
South China Sea (SCS) at \textasciitilde{}400 to 700 km depths; these
models best fit seismic tomography. A smaller Philippine Sea (PS) plate
with a \textasciitilde{}1000 km-long restored Ryukyu slab was superior
to a very large PS plate. Taken together, the four end-member plate
models predict PSCS slabs at \textless{}900 km depths under present-day
Borneo, the SCS, the Sulu and Celebes seas, and the southern
Philippines. Regardless of plate models, we predicted passive mantle
upwellings under Indochina during late Eocene-Oligocene times, and
downwellings under the SCS during the late Cenozoic that do not support
a deep-origin `Hainan plume'. Modeled Sundaland dynamic topography
depends strongly on the imposed plate model, varying by several hundred
meters.%
\end{abstract}%



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