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\begin{document}

\title{Soil profile stratigraphy detected by ground penetrating radar in the
modern Yellow River Delta}



\author[1]{Ping Wang}%
\author[2]{Xinju Li}%
\author[2]{Xiangyu Min}%
\author[3]{Shuo Xu}%
\affil[1]{School of Geography and Tourism}%
\affil[2]{Shandong Agricultural University}%
\affil[3]{Qufu Normal University}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\section*{\texorpdfstring{{Abstract}}{Abstract}}

{\label{985738}}

\section*{\texorpdfstring{{Soil profile stratigraphy plays a fundamental
role in the vertical movement of soil water and salt, land cover and
land use pattern change in the modern Yellow River Delta. We
investigated~}typical soil profiles with ground penetrating radar (GPR)
of 250 MHz antenna according to the~tail wing changes over the past 130
years, calculated soil dielectric permittivity and electromagnetic wave
propagation velocity with measured soil water content, acquired the
electromagnetic wave propagation time from the amplitude-time matrix and
finally calculated the thickness of different soil layers. The results
showed that GPR can identify the 0-1m soil profile stratigraphy, and
soil cultivation layer under different land use patterns is clearly
discernible. The comparison of GPR spectrum image and amplitude-time
plot is helpful to reduce the estimation error of soil layer thickness.
The average error of the estimated soil layer thickness is 0.040m and
the error of 54 soil layers in total 58 soil layers is less than 0.100m.
The comprehensive effect of soil physical and chemical characteristics
affects the electromagnetic wave signals and the profile stratigraphy
identification. The more similar the morphological characteristics of
spectral images are, the closer the soil properties are. The compound
effect of soil water and salt is strong, and the second derivative
values of envelop amplitude energy have~negative logarithmic function
and power function with soil water content and electrical conductivity
values, respectively. This study indicated the feasibility of using GPR
to investigate coastal saline soil stratigraphy in the modern Yellow
River
Delta.}{Soil profile stratigraphy plays a fundamental role in the vertical movement of soil water and salt, land cover and land use pattern change in the modern Yellow River Delta. We investigated~typical soil profiles with ground penetrating radar (GPR) of 250 MHz antenna according to the~tail wing changes over the past 130 years, calculated soil dielectric permittivity and electromagnetic wave propagation velocity with measured soil water content, acquired the electromagnetic wave propagation time from the amplitude-time matrix and finally calculated the thickness of different soil layers. The results showed that GPR can identify the 0-1m soil profile stratigraphy, and soil cultivation layer under different land use patterns is clearly discernible. The comparison of GPR spectrum image and amplitude-time plot is helpful to reduce the estimation error of soil layer thickness. The average error of the estimated soil layer thickness is 0.040m and the error of 54 soil layers in total 58 soil layers is less than 0.100m. The comprehensive effect of soil physical and chemical characteristics affects the electromagnetic wave signals and the profile stratigraphy identification. The more similar the morphological characteristics of spectral images are, the closer the soil properties are. The compound effect of soil water and salt is strong, and the second derivative values of envelop amplitude energy have~negative logarithmic function and power function with soil water content and electrical conductivity values, respectively. This study indicated the feasibility of using GPR to investigate coastal saline soil stratigraphy in the modern Yellow River Delta.}}

{\label{985738}}

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