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\title{Emplacement of laboratory igneous sheets and fingers influenced by the
Mohr-Coulomb properties of the host}



\author[1]{Frank Bo Buster Guldstrand}%
\author[2]{Alban Souche}%
\author[2]{Håvard Svanes Bertelsen}%
\author[3]{Alain Zanella}%
\author[4]{Olivier Galland}%
\affil[1]{The NJORD Center}%
\affil[2]{Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Center, Geosciences Department, University of Oslo, Norway}%
\affil[3]{Le Mans Université, Géosciences Le Mans, France}%
\affil[4]{The NJORD Center, Physics of Geological Processes}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Planar magma intrusions such as dykes and sills are major magma
transport features and the main feeders of volcanic eruptions. Among
planar intrusions, sheet intrusions are fracture-like continuous
conduits, which are assumed to form by tensile opening and dominantly
elastic deformation of the host. However, numerous planar intrusions are
not continuous, and consist of aligned finger-shaped or more lobate
conduits. Field observations show that the emplacement of these fingers
is associated with inelastic, shear failure of the host rock, suggesting
that the Mohr-Coulomb properties of crustal rocks play a significant
role in the emplacement of fingers. In this study, we test the effects
of the Mohr-Coulomb properties of crustal rocks on the emplacement of
sheet-shaped and finger-shaped intrusions through quantitative
2-dimensional laboratory experiments. The model magma is viscous Golden
Syrup, and the model rock is made of mixtures of dry granular materials
of variable cohesion. A sideview camera allows monitoring the shape of
the propagating intrusions and the associated deformation in the host,
and a pressure sensor monitors the pressure of the syrup. Our
experiments show that sheet intrusions form in high-cohesion hosts
whereas finger-shaped intrusions form in low-cohesion hosts. Deformation
analysis of the host and pressure data show that the sheets and fingers
result from drastically distinct dynamics: sheets dominantly propagate
as a fracture, whereas fingers are emplaced as viscous indenters. All in
all, our experiments highlight that the cohesion of the Earth's crust
and the associated shear damage play a major role on planar intrusion
emplacement.%
\end{abstract}%



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