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\begin{document}

\title{Imaging strong lateral heterogeneities across the contiguous US using
body-to-surface wave scattering}



\author[1]{Chunquan Yu}%
\author[2]{Jorge Alberto Castellanos}%
\author[2]{Zhongwen Zhan}%
\affil[1]{Southern University of Science and Technology}%
\affil[2]{California Institute of Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Body-to-surface wave scattering, originated from strong lateral
heterogeneity, has been observed and modeled for decades. Compared to
body waves, scattered surface waves propagate along the Earth's surface
with less energy loss and, thus, can be observed over a wider distance
range. In this study, we utilize surface waves converted from
teleseismic \emph{SH} or \emph{Sdiff} wave incidence to map strong
lateral heterogeneities across the entire contiguous US. We apply
array-based phase coherence analysis to broadband waveforms recorded by
the USArray Transportable Array and other permanent/temporary networks
to detect coherent signals that are associated with body-to-surface wave
scattering. We then locate the source of the scattering by
back-propagating the beamformed energy using both straight-ray and
curved-ray approximations. Our results show that the distribution of
scatterers correlates well with known geological features across the
contiguous US. Topographic/bathymetric relief along the continental
slope off the Pacific Border is the major source of scattering in the
western US. On the other hand, sedimentary basins, especially their
margins, are the dominant scatterers in the central US. Moho offsets,
such as the one around the periphery of the Colorado Plateau, are also a
strong contributor to scattering, but isolating their effect from that
of other near-surface structures without any additional constraints can
be complicated. Finally, we demonstrate the possibility of using
scattered surface waves to constrain subsurface velocity structures, as
complementary to conventional earthquake- or ambient-noise-based surface
wave tomography.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Supporting Information of

Imaging strong lateral heterogeneities across the contiguous US using
body-to-surface wave scattering

Chunquan Yu\textsuperscript{1,2*}, Jorge C.
Castellanos\textsuperscript{2}, Zhongwen Zhan\textsuperscript{2}

\textsuperscript{1} \emph{Department of Earth and Space Sciences,
Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong
518055, China}

\textsuperscript{2} \emph{Seismological Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA}

\par\null

This file includes

Figures S1-S3

Figures

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`image1.emf`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543973/articles/601464-imaging-strong-lateral-heterogeneities-across-the-contiguous-us-using-body-to-surface-wave-scattering}

\textbf{Figure S1} Velocity power spectrum density (PSD) of three
deep-focus events recorded in western, central and eastern US (Figure
3). (a) Averaged velocity PSD of seismic waveforms. Dashed lines are for
signals in the time window of {[}-50 50{]} s (reference). Solid lines
are for signals in the time window of {[}50 150{]} s. (b) Normalized
velocity PSD.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image2/image2}

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\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S2} Same as Figure 9 but for a minimum phase coherence of
0.6.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{figure}[H]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=0.70\columnwidth]{figures/image3/image3}

\end{center}
\end{figure}

\textbf{Figure S3} Correlation between estimated apparent velocity of
scattered surface wave and 20s Love wave phase velocity. The correlation
coefficient is 0.66.

\selectlanguage{english}
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