\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Control of Permafrost and Seasonal Frost on Stream and Groundwater
Interactions in Alpine Catchment, Northeastern Tibet Plateau, China}



\author[1]{Rui Ma}%
\author[1]{Mengyan Ge}%
\author[1]{Ziyong Sun}%
\author[1]{Qixin Chang}%
\affil[1]{China University of Geosciences - Wuhan}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 11, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
The role of groundwater in maintaining streamflow in the alpine area
with distribution of permafrost and seasonal frost is a poorly studied
topic of considerable interest. The stream and groundwater interactions
and groundwater contributions to the Heihe River were investigated
during this study in a representative subcatchment in the headwater
region of the Heihe River Basin, the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
of China. The hydraulic, chemical and isotopic data as well as Bayesian
mixing model results show that groundwater-stream water interactions
were both spatially and temporally variable. The tributaries were
primarily recharged by springs within the permafrost zone during the
frozen period when the water source and sediments were frozen and the
groundwater discharged to the mainstream within the seasonal frost zone
to maintain the streamflow. The groundwater contribution to mainstream
discharge decreased from 95\% during the frozen period to 80-90\% in the
thawing period due to the inflow from tributaries. However, the stream
and groundwater interactions vary several times along altitude during
the thawed period from June to early September, due to the increased
glacial/snow meltwater volume, deepened active layer, and melted
seasonal frost. Groundwater contribution decreased to
\textasciitilde{}40-60\% of the mainstream discharge during the thawed
period because tributary streams contribution largely increased. As
shown by \textasciitilde{}70-90\% contribution from groundwater to the
mainstream discharge, the mainstream flow mainly sourced from the
release of groundwater in aquifers in the freeze-back period. These data
indicate that the variations in groundwater-surface water interactions
were largely influenced by the distribution and freeze-thaw cycle of
permafrost and seasonal frost. The importance of groundwater storage in
maintaining streamflow in the Heihe headwater region was highlighted by
this study.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10504313.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/543465/articles/603106-control-of-permafrost-and-seasonal-frost-on-stream-and-groundwater-interactions-in-alpine-catchment-northeastern-tibet-plateau-china}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

