A document by Malgorzata Borchers. Click on the document to view its contents.

To reach their net-zero targets, countries will have to compensate hard-to-abate CO2 emissions through carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Yet, current assessments rarely include socio-cultural or institutional aspects or fail to contextualize CDR options for implementation.Here we present a context-specific feasibility assessment of CDR options for the example of Germany. We assess fourteen CDR options, including three chemical carbon capture options, six options for bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and five options that aim to increase ecosystem carbon uptake. The assessment addresses technological, economic, environmental, institutional, social-cultural and systemic considerations using a traffic-light system to evaluate implementation opportunities and hurdles.We find that in Germany CDR options like cover crops or seagrass restoration currently face comparably low implementation hurdles in terms of technological, economic, or environmental feasibility and low institutional or social opposition but show comparably small CO2 removal potentials. In contrast, some BECCS options that show high CDR potentials face significant techno-economic, societal and institutional hurdles when it comes to the geological storage of CO2. While a combination of CDR options is likely required to meet the net-zero target in Germany, the current climate protection law includes a limited set of options. Our analysis aims to provide comprehensive information on CDR hurdles and possibilities for Germany for use in further research on CDR options, climate, and energy scenario development, as well as an effective decision support basis for various actors.

Quantifying changes in oceanic aerobic respiration is essential for understanding marine deoxygenation. Here we use an Earth system model to investigate if and to what extent oxygen utilization rate (OUR) can be used to track the temporal change of true respiration ($R_\mathrm{true}$). $R_\mathrm{true}$ results from the degradation of particulate and dissolved organic matter in the model ocean, acting as ground truth to evaluate the accuracy of OUR. Results show that in thermocline and intermediate waters of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre (200m-1000m), vertically integrated OUR and $R_\mathrm{true}$ both decrease by 0.2 $\mathrm{mol O_{2}/m^{2}/yr}$ from 1850 to 2100 under global warming. However, in the mesopelagic Tropical South Atlantic, integrated OUR increases by 0.2 $\mathrm{mol O_{2}/m^{2}/yr}$, while the $R_\mathrm{true}$ integral decreases by 0.3 $\mathrm{mol O_{2}/m^{2}/yr}$. A possible reason for the diverging OUR and $R_\mathrm{true}$ is ocean mixing, which affects water mass composition and maps remote respiration changes to the study region.

This study introduces an ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approach: Nearshore Macroalgae Aquaculture for Carbon Sequestration (N-MACS). By cultivating macroalgae in nearshore ocean surface areas, N-MACS aims to sequester CO2 with subsequent carbon storage. Utilizing an Earth System Model with intermediate complexity (EMIC), we explore the CDR potential of N-MACS alongside its impacts on the global carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and marine ecosystems. Our investigations unveil that coastal N-MACS could potentially sequester 0.7 to 1.1 GtC yr-1. However, it also significantly suppresses marine phytoplankton net primary productivity because of nutrient removal and canopy shading, counteracting approximately 30% of the N-MACS CDR capacity. This suppression of surface NPP, in turn, reduces carbon export out of the euphotic zone to the ocean interior, leading to elevated dissolved oxygen levels and diminished denitrification in present-day oxygen minimum zones. Effects due to harvesting-induced phosphorus removal continue for centuries even beyond the cessation of N-MACS.

The current narrative of artificial upwelling (AU) is to use ocean pipes to pump nutrient rich deep water to the ocean surface, thereby stimulating the biological carbon pump. This simplistic concept of AU does not take the response of the solubility pump or the CO2 emission scenario into account. Using global ocean-atmosphere model experiments and several idealized model tracers we show that the effectiveness of almost globally applied AU from the year 2020 to 2100 to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere is strongly dependent on the CO2 emission scenario and ranges from 1.01 Pg C / year under RCP 8.5 to 0.32 Pg C / year under RCP 2.6. The solubility pump becomes equally effective compared to the biological carbon pump under the highest emission scenario (RCP 8.5), but responds with CO2 outgassing under low CO2emission scenarios.

Iron is a key micronutrient controlling phytoplankton growth in vast regions of the global ocean. Despite its importance, uncertainties remain high regarding external iron source fluxes and internal cycling on a global scale. In this study, we used a global dissolved iron dataset, including GEOTRACES measurements, to constrain source and scavenging fluxes in the marine iron component of a global ocean biogeochemical model. Our model simulations tested three key uncertainties: source inputs of atmospheric soluble iron deposition (varying from 1.4–3.4 Gmol/yr), reductive sedimentary iron release (14–117 Gmol/yr), and compared a variable ligand parameterization to a constant distribution. In each simulation, scavenging rates were tuned to reproduce the observed global mean iron inventory for consistency. The variable ligand parameterization improved the global model-data misfit the most, suggesting that heterotrophic bacteria are an important source of ligands to the ocean. Model simulations containing high source fluxes of atmospheric soluble iron deposition (3.4 Gmol/yr) and reductive sedimentary iron release (114 Gmol/yr) further improved the model most notably in the surface ocean. High scavenging rates were then required to maintain the iron inventory resulting in relatively short surface and global ocean residence times of 0.83 and 7.5 years, respectively. The model simulates a tight spatial coupling between source inputs and scavenging rates, which may be too strong due to underrepresented ligands near source inputs, contributing to large uncertainties when constraining individual fluxes with dissolved iron concentrations. Model biases remain high and are discussed to help improve global marine iron cycle models.

In a widely-held conception, the biological carbon pump (BCP) is equal to the export of organic matter out of the euphotic zone. Using global ocean-atmosphere model experiments we show that the change in export production is a poor measure of the biological pump’s feedback to the atmosphere. The change in global true oxygen utilization (TOU), an integrative measure of the imprint of the biological carbon pump on marine oxygen, however, is in good agreement with the net change in the biogenic air-sea flux of oxygen. Since, TOU correlates very well with apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in our experiments, we propos to measure the change of AOU from data of global float programs to monitor the feedback of the BCP to the atmosphere. For the current ocean we estimate that BCP changes lead to an uptake of CO by the ocean in the range of 0.07 to 0.14 GtC/yr.