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\begin{document}

\title{Geophysical investigation of exchange between planetary oceans and rocky
interior- knowledge from deep sea scenarios on Earth}



\author[1]{Donna Blackman}%
\author[1]{Andrew Fisher}%
\affil[1]{UCSC}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Insights from half a century investigating seafloor hydrothermal
circulation on Earth can inform exploration on other Ocean Worlds. Early
data/models for Earth provided useful predictions for flow at rift axes,
but interpretations of the distribution of subseafloor circulation were
revised significantly as data and simulations improved. Lessons learned
for Earth systems elucidate how investigators might assess hydrothermal
processes on other Ocean Worlds. Basin-scale morphology and heat flow
indicate whether conduction explains the flux or cooling by seawater
advection occurs. Detailed sonar mapping reveals areas where high flux
is most likely. Seismicity patterns suggest different modes of
circulation: East Pacific circulation is mapped via microseismicity
within porous basaltic crust; Regional seismicity in the Atlantic
highlights detachment-dominated rift segments, where faults channel
circulation, sometimes within peridotite blocks that react with
seawater. Exothermic serpentinization, also inferred for the lower ocean
crust near subduction zones, should impart detectable temperature (T)
signals. High-T/-flux circulation may be recognized with remote sensing
(sonar, thermistors, chemical sensors, cameras) at the seafloor whereas
low-T/-flux systems are difficult to identify. Modeling examines factors
that influence hydrothermal circulation. Early models were simple
single-pass cases; later data and more complex models show circulation
includes multi-pass convection that can be 3D, unstable, and strongly
guided by permeability patterns. Borehole observatories reveal
heterogeneity in fluid chemistry and crustal microbiology. Interpreting
Ocean World hydrothermal conditions will be challenging, but some
fundamental inferences for Earth's seafloor hydrothermal systems have
proven robust. Early studies generated testable hypotheses, advanced
instrumentation and simulations, and helped focus interdisciplinary
discovery.%
\end{abstract}%



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