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\begin{document}

\title{Laboratory experiments simulating poroelastic stress changes associated
with depletion and injection in low-porosity sedimentary rocks:
ultrasonic velocities and dynamic effective stress coefficients}



\author[1]{Xiaodong Ma}%
\affil[1]{Stanford University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 09, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
We characterized the dependence of ultrasonic velocities on confining
pressure (Pc) and pore pressure (Pp) of six argon-saturated cores from
three formations associated with the Bakken play in the Williston Basin
(Lodgepole, Middle Bakken and Three Forks). We cycled Pc under constant
Pp to simulate reservoir stress changes associated with depletion and
injection. The ultrasonic velocities (Vp and Vs) in the axial direction
were measured along the loading path, based on which the elastic moduli
and effective stress coefficient were derived. Common to all specimens,
both Vp and Vs under injection are consistently higher than under
depletion at the same Pc and Pp. Derived elastic moduli assuming
material isotropy qualitatively agree with logging data, but are
consistently higher than those based on static measurements. We found
the effective stress coefficient (\selectlanguage{greek}α\selectlanguage{english}) with respect to Vp and Vs is close
to unity when the simple effective stress is no more than 10 MPa,
regardless of wave type, lithology and loading path. \selectlanguage{greek}α \selectlanguage{english}for Vp and Vs
generally increases for higher simple effective stress (Pc-Pp) and
beyond unity, which is contrary to the trend obtained through static
deformation and against theoretical expectations. It implies that Vp and
Vs become more sensitive to Pp rather than Pc as (Pc-Pp) rises. This
apparent increase of \selectlanguage{greek}α \selectlanguage{english}with (Pc-Pp) is a priori unresolved, but can be
plausibly attributed to the fact that the change of (Pc-Pp) altered the
rock microstructure, which essentially rendered the pore pressure more
effective. Submission Files Included in this PDF File Name {[}File
Type{]} cover letter.docx {[}Cover Letter{]} Ma et al. IJRMMS.docx
{[}Manuscript File{]} Ma et al. IJRMMS\_figures.pdf {[}Figure{]}
declaration-of-competing-interests\_Ma.docx {[}Conflict of Interest{]}
To view all the submission files, including those not included in the
PDF, click on the manuscript title on your EVISE Homepage, then click
`Download zip file'.%
\end{abstract}%



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