Text S2. Geometry construction in Figure 3b.

The tube length and diameter in Figure 3b are 300 and 60 voxels (500 and 100 µm). 16 spherical hydrate particles (diameter of 22 voxels), evenly distributed in four arrays, protrude into the tube by 15 voxels (25 µm). The tube diameter and hydrate particle size are consistent with the average value in Test 1. This configuration is equivalent to a hydrate saturation of 8.0%.