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\begin{document}

\title{Effect of evolving biofilm structures on modeling the flow in
bio-clogged porous media}



\author[1]{Shahab Karimifard}%
\author[1]{Christian Elowsky}%
\author[2]{Jennifer Paloni}%
\author[1]{Xu Li}%
\author[3]{Yusong Li}%
\affil[1]{University of Nebraska Lincoln}%
\affil[2]{Clemson University}%
\affil[3]{University of Nebraska-Lincoln}%


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  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The growth of biofilms changes the hydrodynamics of porous media, which
will influence the transport of bacteria and contaminants in natural and
engineered systems. Traditionally, biofilms have been modeled as an
impermeable domain in porous media, such that no water can enter
biofilms and contaminants can only enter biofilms via molecular
diffusion. Such a modeling approach is based on the assumption that the
permeability of biofilms is the same as that of Extracellular Polymeric
Substances (EPS), which are considered to have very low permeability. In
this study, we investigate the impacts of biofilm properties on water
flow using microfluidic device experiments and pore-scale modeling. E.
coli biofilm was established inside a microfluidic channel packed with
unisized glass beads in a single layer. A 5*5 mm2 area was live-stained
and imaged via confocal microscopy at three different growth stages to
represent three biofilm levels in the system. After image analysis using
FIJI and AutoCAD software, the flow in the bio-clogged porous media was
simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics. In these simulations, biofilm was
modeled as a separate permeable domain in porous media instead of an
impermeable domain. A Forchheimer-corrected version of the Brinkman
equations was applied to simulate the flow in the porous biofilm
regions. Two properties of biofilms, namely biofilm porosity (BPO) and
biofilm permeability (BPE), were altered to examine their effects on the
permeability of the system. It was found that different values of BPO
and BPE clearly affect the flow paths, velocity patterns, and
permeability of the system. Considering biofilms as impermeable results
in significant underestimations of the flow properties. In addition, two
simplified modeling scenarios, namely uniform coating and symmetric
contact filling, were investigated for a possible abridging in the
arduous modeling procedure of the real biofilm geometry.%
\end{abstract}%



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