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\begin{document}

\title{Investigating \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C values in stalagmites from tropical
South America for the last two millennia\selectlanguage{english}}



\author[1]{Valdir Novello}%
\author[2]{Francisco Cruz}%
\author[3]{Mathias Vuille}%
\author[4]{Jose Campos}%
\author[5]{Nicolas Strikis}%
\author[6]{James Apaéstegui}%
\author[7]{Jean-Sebastien Moquet}%
\author[8]{Vitor Azevedo}%
\author[9]{Angela Ampuero}%
\author[9]{Giselle Utida}%
\author[10]{Xianfeng Wang}%
\author[11]{Gustavo Paula-Santos}%
\author[2]{Plinio Jaqueto}%
\author[12]{Luiz Pessenda}%
\author[13]{Dan Breecker}%
\author[5]{Ivo Karmann}%
\affil[1]{University of Sao Paulo}%
\affil[2]{Universidade de São Paulo}%
\affil[3]{University at Albany, State University of New York}%
\affil[4]{IAG Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences}%
\affil[5]{USP University of Sao Paulo}%
\affil[6]{Universidade Federal Fluminense}%
\affil[7]{Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans (ISTO), Université d’Orléans, CNRS}%
\affil[8]{Universidade federal Fluminense}%
\affil[9]{University of São Paulo}%
\affil[10]{Nanyang Technological University}%
\affil[11]{MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences}%
\affil[12]{CENA}%
\affil[13]{University of Texas at Austin}%


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  \date{May 25, 2024}


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\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Due to the many factors controlling \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C values in
stalagmites, complicating their paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental
interpretation, most studies do not present d13C values, but instead
focus mainly on \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{18}O values. This is also the case for
most cave studies from tropical South America, where many new
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{18}O stalagmite records covering the last millennia
were recently published. Here, we review the d\textsuperscript{13}C
values in stalagmites, investigating the influence on this proxy of
local hydroclimate, altitude, temperature and vegetation types, by
employing a new dataset composed of published and unpublished carbon
isotope records from various sites in tropical South America. The main
factors influencing \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C values are associated with
the local hydroclimate, followed by minor effects from temperature. Most
of the isotopic records show a significant correlation between the
\selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C and \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{18}O values, indicating a
close relationship between local hydroclimate and atmospheric convective
processes related to the South American Monsoon System. The predominance
of C3 plants above most of the karst systems studied here is responsible
for the low \selectlanguage{greek}δ\selectlanguage{english}\textsuperscript{13}C values ([?]6%0) in most of the
speleothems, while local hydroclimate associated with prior calcite
precipitation process is the main driver behind its variability during
the last two millennia. Using Monte Carlo Principal Component Analysis,
we produce an index of the mean hydrologic conditions and its changes
over tropical South America for the last two millennia, which is closely
related to monsoon variability for the period prior to 1750 CE. The
recent break-down in the relationship between monsoon and local
hydroclimate may have been caused by the increase in temperature,
CO\textsubscript{2}, deforestation and fire during the current warm
period.%
\end{abstract}%



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