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\begin{document}

\title{The X-pattern Merging of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crests}



\author[1]{Fazlul I Laskar}%
\author[2]{Deepak Kumar Karan}%
\author[3]{Robert Edward Daniell}%
\author[4]{Mihail V. Codrescu}%
\author[5]{Richard W Eastes}%
\author[6]{Nicholas Michael Pedatella}%
\author[7]{Wenbin Wang}%
\author[8]{Astrid Maute}%
\author[9]{P. K. Rajesh}%
\author[5]{William E. McClintock}%
\affil[1]{Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA}%
\affil[2]{Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado}%
\affil[3]{Ionospheric Physics Consulting}%
\affil[4]{Space Weather Prediction Center, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA}%
\affil[5]{Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics}%
\affil[6]{National Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)}%
\affil[7]{HAO/NCAR}%
\affil[8]{CIRES/ University of Colorado Boulder}%
\affil[9]{National Cheng Kung University}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
A unique phenomenon \{\textbackslash{}textendash\} merging of Equatorial
Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests, leading to an X-pattern (EIA-X) around
the magnetic equator \{\textbackslash{}textendash\} has been observed in
the night-time ionospheric measurements by the Global-scale Observations
of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission. A whole atmospheric general
circulation model simulation reproduces this pattern. The pattern is
also produced in an assimilative ionosphere model that assimilates slant
Total Electron Content (slant-TEC) from Global Navigation Satellite
System (GNSS) and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,
Ionosphere, and Climate 2 (COSMIC-2). Due to the observed similarity
between measurements and simulations, the latter is used to diagnose
this heretofore unexplained phenomenon. The simulation shows that the
EIA-X occurs in the afternoon to evening sector at a longitude where the
vertical drift is negative, which is a necessary but not sufficient
condition. The simulation was performed under constant low-solar and
quiescent-geomagnetic forcing conditions, therefore we suggest that one
of the drivers of this phenomenon is from lower-atmospheric processes.%
\end{abstract}%



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