\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Time-domain source parameter estimation of Mw 3-7 earthquakes in Japan
from a large database of moment-rate functions}



\author[1,1]{Keisuke Yoshida}%
\author[2,2]{Hiroo Kanamori}%
\affil[1]{Tohoku University}%
\affil[2]{California Institute of Technology}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 17, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Time-domain analyses of seismic waveforms have revealed diverse source
complexity in large earthquakes (Mw\textgreater{}7). However, source
characteristics of small earthquakes have been studied by assuming a
simple rupture pattern in the frequency domain. This study utilized
high-quality seismic network data from Japan to systematically address
the source complexities and radiated energies of Mw 3--7 earthquakes in
the time domain. We first determined the apparent moment-rate functions
(AMRFs) of the earthquakes using the empirical Green's functions. Some
of the AMRFs showed multiple peaks, suggesting complex ruptures at
multiple patches. We then estimated the radiated energies (??) of 1736
events having more than ten reliable AMRFs. The scaled energy (??=??/?0)
did not strongly depend on the seismic moment (?0), focal mechanisms, or
depth. The median value of ?? was 3.7\selectlanguage{ngerman}×10-5, which is comparable to those
of previous studies; however, \selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}? varied by approximately one order of
magnitude among earthquakes. Additionally, we measured the source
complexity based on the radiated energy enhancement factor (\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?). The
values of \selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}? differed among earthquakes, implying diverse source
complexity. The values of \selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}?\selectlanguage{english}? did not show strong scale dependence for
Mw 3--7 earthquakes, suggesting that the source diversity of smaller
earthquakes is similar to that of larger earthquakes at their
representative spatial scales. Applying a simple spectral model (e.g.,
the \selectlanguage{greek}ω\selectlanguage{english}2-source model) to complex ruptures may produce substantial
estimation errors of source parameters.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

