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\begin{document}

\title{Water partitioning and flux ages in temperate forest and grassland
plots: assessment using the EcH2O-iso ecohydrological model}



\author[1]{Audrey Douinot}%
\author[1]{Dörthe Tetzlaff}%
\author[2]{Marco Maneta}%
\author[3]{Sylvain Kuppel}%
\author[4]{Hubbert Schulte-Bisping}%
\author[1]{Chris Soulsby}%
\affil[1]{Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, 12587, Germany}%
\affil[2]{Geosciences Department, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812-1296, USA}%
\affil[3]{Northern Rivers Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UF, United Kingdom}%
\affil[4]{Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Büsgen-Institute, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany}%


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  \date{May 27, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We used the process-based and tracer-aided ecohydrological model
EcH2O-iso to assess the effects of vegetation cover on water balance
partitioning and associated flux ages under temperate beech forest (F)
and grassland (G) in Northern Germany. The model was tuned on the basis
of a multi-criteria calibration against an unusually rich measured data
set from a long-term monitoring site.. The calibration incorporates
metrics of the energy balance, hydrological function and biomass
accumulation. It resulted in good efficiency statistics for simulations
of surface energy exchange, soil water content, transpiration and
biomass production. The model simulations showed that the forest
``used'' more water than the grassland; from 620mm of average annual
precipitation, losses were higher through interception (29\% under F,
16\% for G) and combined soil evaporation and transpiration (59\% F,
47\% G). As a result, groundwater recharge was greatly enhanced under
grassland at 37\% of precipitation compared with12\% for forest. The
model allowed us to track the ages of water in the different storage
compartments and fluxes.In the shallow soil horizons, the average ages
of soil water fluxes and evaporation were similar in both plots
(~1.5month), though transpiration and groundwater recharge were older
under forest (~6 months compared with~3months for transpiration and~12
months compared with~10 months for groundwater). Flux tracking with Cl
tracers provided independent support for the modelling results, though
also highlighted effects of uncertainties in forest partitioning of
evaporation and transpiration. This underlines the potential for tracer
aided ecohydrological models in land use change studies. By tracking
storage -- flux -- age interactions under different land covers, the
effects on water partitioning and age distributions can be quantified
and the implications for climate change assessed.Better
conceptualisation of soil water mixing processes, and improved
calibration data on leaf area index and root distribution appear obvious
respective modelling and data needs for improved model results.%
\end{abstract}%



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