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\begin{document}

\title{What Drives Plate Motion?}



\author[1]{Yongfeng Yang}%
\affil[1]{Bureau of Water Resources of Shandong Province}%


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  \date{June 15, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Plate motion is a remarkable Earth process and is widely ascribed to two
primary driving forces: slab pull and ridge push. With the release of
the first- and second-order stress fields since 1989, a few features of
tectonic stresses provide strong constrain on these forces. The observed
stresses are mainly distributed on the uppermost brittle part of the
lithosphere. A modeling analysis, however, reveals that the stress
produced by ridge push is dominantly distributed in the lower part of
the lithosphere; Doglioni and Panza recently made an in-depth
investigation on slab pull and found this force cannot be in accordance
with observations. These findings of ridge push and slab pull suggest
that there needs other force to be responsible for plate motion and
tectonic stress. Here, we propose that the pressure of deep ocean water
against the wall of continent yields enormous force (i.e.,
ocean-generated force) on the continent. The continent is fixed on the
top of the lithosphere, this attachment allows ocean-generated force to
be laterally transferred to the lithospheric plate. We show that this
force may combine other forces to form force balances for the
lithospheric plate, consequently, the African, Indian, South American,
Australian, and Pacific plates obtain a movement of 4.52, 6.09, 2.11,
3.52, and 6.62 cm/yr, respectively. A torque balance modelling shows
that the error between the movements calculated for 121 sample locations
and the movements extracted from GSRM v.2.1 is less than 0.8 mm/yr in
speed and 0.3o in azimuth.%
\end{abstract}%



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