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\begin{document}

\title{Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Air Quality in Metropolitan New
Jersey}



\author[1]{Ying Yao}%
\author[2]{Francisco Artigas}%
\author[1]{Songyun Fan}%
\author[1]{Yuan Gao}%
\affil[1]{Rutgers University}%
\affil[2]{New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority}%


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  \date{May 21, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Improved air quality has been the silver lining of the pandemic since
early 2020. The air quality in northern New Jersey was continuously
measured during the COVID-19 pandemic and through the three stages of
recovery, i.e. the Stay-at-home Stage, Reopening Stage 1 and Reopening
Stage 2. A significant change in air quality was observed during the
Stay-at-home Stage (March 16 to May 16, 2020) as most people stayed home
and industrial activity decreased 60\%. Compared to 2019, carbon dioxide
(CO2) decreased 17\%, carbon monoxide (CO) decreased 7\%, and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) decreased 51\% during the Stay-at-home Stage in 2020.
However, the ground-level ozone (O3) increased in 2020 because of the
reduced NOx emission and the possibly increased levels of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) due to the warmer weather. With the
step-by-step reopening process, the difference in local CO2 levels
between 2019 and 2020 was reduced and the NOx concentration returned to
its 2019 level. The CO2 concentrations were positively correlated with
CO, and the NOx concentrations were negatively correlated with
O\textsubscript{3} in 2020. However, these correlations are different
from those in 2019. The impact of COVID-19 was found to influence the
concentration levels of CO2, CO, NOx, and O3 beyond the effects of
meteorology parameters on air quality in metropolitan New Jersey.
Moreover, our findings provide a reference of air pollution reduction
through replacing fossil fuels with electric or renewable energy in the
transportation system and industry.%
\end{abstract}%



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