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\begin{document}

\title{E-MORB and OIB petrogenesis investigated with machine learning}



\author[1]{Zachary Eriksen}%
\author[1]{Stein Jacobsen}%
\author[1]{Charles Langmuir}%
\author[1]{Junjie Dong}%
\author[1]{Matthew Brennan}%
\author[1]{Jesse Gu}%
\affil[1]{Harvard University}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Oceanic basalts provide an invaluable window into evolutionary processes
governing mantle spatial and temporal chemical heterogeneity. Ocean
island basalts (OIBs) and enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORBs) are
powerful tracers of mantle melting and crust-mantle recycling processes.
Whether the elemental and isotopic variations observed in both E-MORBs
and OIBs are derived from similar mechanisms, however, remains under
debate. Investigating compositional differences between E-MORBs and OIBs
is a simple approach to constrain their origins, a technique for which
machine learning classification algorithms are optimal. Here we
implemented a novel machine learning approach complemented by mantle
component mixing models to highlight compositional differences between
E-MORBs and OIBs and further investigate their petrogenesis (data
sourced from GEOROC database and Gale et al., 2013). Considering Random
Forest-based Gini indexes, elements sensitive to pressure and degree of
melting (FeO, TiO\textsubscript{2}, Lu, and Sr) were identified as the
best discriminators between E-MORBs and OIBs. Our Gaussian process
classification algorithm successfully classified OIBs and E-MORBs better
than 97\% of the time when considering 1) Sr \& FeO and 2)
TiO\textsubscript{2} \& Lu. The probabilistic nature of Gaussian process
modeling permitted calculation of new quantitative discriminant diagrams
rooted in probability (Sr vs. FeO and TiO\textsubscript{2} vs. Lu).
Complementary trace element modeling yielded compositionally similar
E-MORB and OIB sources with moderately incompatible element enrichments
in the OIB source due to the influence of recycled oceanic crust
(Prytulak \& Elliott, 2007). Our source compositions are consistent with
a simple, joint model for E-MORB and OIB petrogenesis after Donnelley et
al. (2014): low-degree partial melts of subducted slabs metasomatize the
depleted mantle producing a re-fertilized mantle (RM). RM is randomly
sampled at mid-ocean ridges to produce E-MORB, while upwelling plumes
sample both RM and recycled oceanic crust, yielding OIB. References:
Donnelly et al. (2004). Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 226(3--4),
347--366. Gale et al. (2013). Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 14(3),
489--518. Prytulak \& Elliott (2007). Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett.,
263(3--4), 388--403.%
\end{abstract}%



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