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\title{Changes in the tropical lapse rate due to entrainment and their impact
on climate sensitivity}



\author[1]{Jiawei Bao}%
\author[2]{Bjorn Stevens}%
\author[2]{Lukas Kluft}%
\author[2]{Diego Jiménez de la Cuesta Otero}%
\affil[1]{Max Planck Insitute for Meteorology}%
\affil[2]{Max Planck Institute for Meteorology}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The tropical temperature in the free troposphere deviates from a
theoretical moist-adiabat. The overall deviations are attributed to
entrainment of dry surrounding air. The deviations gradually approach
zero in the upper troposphere, which we explain with a buoyancy-sorting
mechanism: the height to which individual convective parcels rise
depends on parcel buoyancy, which is closely tied to the impact of
entrainment during ascent. In higher altitudes, the temperature is
increasingly controlled by the convective parcels that are warmer and
more buoyant, because of weaker entrainment effects. We represent such
temperature deviations from moist-adiabats in a clear-sky
one-dimensional radiative-convective equilibrium model. Compared with a
moist-adiabatic adjustment, having the entrainment-induced temperature
deviations leads to higher climate sensitivity. As the impact of
entrainment depends on the saturation deficit which increases with
warming, our model predicts even more amplified surface warming from
entrainment in a warmer climate.%
\end{abstract}%



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