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\begin{document}

\title{Modeling TEC Irregularities in the Northern Hemisphere Using Empirical
Orthogonal Function Method}



\author[1]{Yaqi Jin}%
\author[1]{Wojciech Jacek Miloch}%
\author[1]{Daria Kotova}%
\author[2]{Knut Stanley Jacobsen}%
\author[3]{Đorđe Stevanovic}%
\author[1]{Lasse Boy Novock Clausen}%
\author[1]{Nicholas Ssessanga}%
\author[4]{Federico Da Dalt}%
\affil[1]{University of Oslo}%
\affil[2]{Norwegian Mapping Authority}%
\affil[3]{GMV Innovating Solutions}%
\affil[4]{Rhea System GmbH}%


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  \date{May 19, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
We develop a climatological model for the Northern Hemisphere based on a
long-term dataset (2010-2021) of the rate of change of the total
electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) maps from the International GNSS
Service (IGS). The IGS ROTI maps are daily averaged in magnetic latitude
and local time coordinates. To develop a climatological model, the ROTI
maps are decomposed into a few base functions and coefficients using the
empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method. The EOF method converges
very quickly, and the first four EOFs reflect the majority (96\%) of the
total data variability. Furthermore, different EOF components can
reflect different drivers of ionospheric irregularities. The first EOF
reflects the averaged ROTI activity and the impact of the solar
radiation and geomagnetic activity; the 2nd EOF reflects the impact of
the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and electric field; the 3rd
and 4th EOFs reflect the dawn-dusk asymmetry around the auroral oval and
polar cap, and they can be related to the IMF By. To build an empirical
model, we fit the EOF coefficients using helio-geophysical indices from
four different categories (solar activity; geomagnetic indices; IMF; the
solar wind coupling function). The final EOF model is dependent on seven
selected indices (F10.7P, Kp, Dst, Bt, By, Bz and Ekl). The statistical
data-model comparisons show satisfactory results with a good correlation
coefficient. However, the model cannot capture the significant expansion
of the dayside ROTI activity during strong geomagnetic storms. Future
effort is needed to provide corrections to the model for severe storms.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`961109_0_art_file_10895187_rt3nv4.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/530554/articles/635625-modeling-tec-irregularities-in-the-northern-hemisphere-using-empirical-orthogonal-function-method}

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