Figure 1 . Schematic diagram of the land model CAS-LSM with GLF, human water use, soil FTFs, nitrogen transport, and urban planning. In the upper left panel is an illustration of the urban planning, which includes anthropogenic heat, urban water usage, and the surface roughness height scheme that considers height variability. In the upper middle panel is an illustration of the soil freeze and thaw front dynamic, while in the upper right panel, an illustration of the anthropogenic nitrogen discharge and river transport is given. In the lower left panel, an illustration of the quasi-3D GLF is presented, while the illustration in the lower right panel shows the human water use.