\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Evaluation of Under Sea-ice Phytoplankton Blooms in the Fully-Coupled,
High-Resolution Regional Arctic 2 System Model 3}



\author[1]{Marina Frants}%
\author[1]{Wieslaw Maslowski}%
\author[2]{Robert Osinski}%
\author[3]{Nicole Jeffery}%
\author[4]{Meibing Jin}%
\author[1]{Jaclyn Clement Kinney}%
\affil[1]{Naval Postgraduate School}%
\affil[2]{Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences}%
\affil[3]{Los Alamos National Laboratories}%
\affil[4]{University of Alaska Fairbanks}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
In July 2011, observations of a massive phytoplankton bloom in the
ice-covered waters of the western Chukchi Sea raised questions about the
extent and frequency of under sea- ice blooms and their contribution to
the carbon budget in the Arctic Ocean. To address some of these
questions, we use the fully-coupled, high-resolution Regional Arctic
Sys- tem Model to simulate Arctic marine biogeochemistry over a
thirty-year period. Our re- sults demonstrate the presence of massive
under sea-ice blooms in the western Arctic not only in summer of 2011
but annually throughout the simulation period. In addition, sim- ilar
blooms, yet of lower magnitude occur annually in the eastern Arctic. We
investigate the constraints of nitrate concentration and
photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) on the initiation,
evolution and cessation of under sea-ice blooms. Our results show that
increasing PAR reaching the ocean surface through the sea-ice in early
summer, when the majority of ice-covered Arctic waters have sufficient
surface nitrate levels, is criti- cal to bloom initiation. However, the
duration and cessation of under sea-ice blooms is controlled by
available nutrient concentrations as well as by the presence of sea-ice.
Since modeled critical PAR level are consistently exceeded in summer
only in the western Arc- tic, we therefore conclude that the eastern
Arctic blooms shown in our simulations did not develop under sea ice,
but were instead, at least in part, formed in open waters up- stream and
subsequently advected by ocean currents beneath the sea ice.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy




\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

