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\begin{document}

\title{The Greenhouse Effect -- Re-examination of the Impact of an Increase in
Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere}



\author[1]{Trevor Underwood}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
Examination of the radiation budget at the surface of the Earth shows
that there are three factors affecting the surface temperature; the
amount of solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere and by the surface
respectively, and the amount of leakage of infrared radiation emitted
from the surface directly into space. If there were no leakage, the
upwelling infrared radiation from the Earth's surface would be equal to
the incoming solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere plus twice the
solar radiation absorbed by the surface. This results from the summation
of a sequence of equal upward and downward re-emissions of infrared
radiation absorbed by the atmosphere following the initial absorption of
solar radiation. At current levels of solar absorption, this would
result in total upwelling radiation of approximately 398.6 W/m2, or a
maximum surface temperature of 16.4\selectlanguage{ngerman}°C. Allowing for leakage of infrared
radiation through the atmospheric window, the resulting emission from
the Earth's surface is reduced to around 396 W/m2, corresponding to the
current average global surface temperature of around 15.9°C. Absorption
of solar and infrared radiation by greenhouse gases is determined by the
absorption bands for the respective gases and their concentrations.
Absorption of incoming solar radiation is largely by water vapor and
ozone, and an increase in absorption would reduce not increase the
surface temperature. Moreover, it is probable that all emitted infrared
radiation that can be absorbed by greenhouse gases, primarily water
vapor, with a small contribution from carbon dioxide and ozone, is
already fully absorbed, and the leakage of around 5.5 \% corresponds to
the part of the infrared red spectrum that is not absorbed by greenhouse
gases. The carbon dioxide absorption bands, which represent a very small
percentage of the infrared spectrum, are most likely fully saturated. In
these circumstances, increased concentrations of greenhouse gases, and
carbon dioxide in particular, will have no effect on the emitted
radiation. The surface temperature is probably at the thermodynamic
limit for the current luminosity of the sun. Satellite based
measurements since 1979 suggest that any global warming over the past
150 years may be due to an increase in total solar irradiance, which we
are still a decade or two from being able to confirm.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



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