In this study, an optimisation model is developed for two-stage energy
management of a residential building to minimise energy cost under
monthly power-based tariffs for peak demand and time variable
electricity prices. The expected peak demand is determined in the first
stage, and then the energy management system minimises the energy cost
in the second stage. The optimisation problem of the second stage is
solved in a rolling time window for the real-time operation of the
flexible energy sources in the building. The optimal charging and
discharging of the battery energy system, the charging of the electric
vehicle battery, the operation of the heating system and the optimal
start times of washing machines and dishwashers are determined close to
real-time. The proposed approach allows the user to determine the
expected peak during the month ahead and try to keep the peak demand in
daily operation below that value using a close to real-time energy
management system. The performance of the two-stage approach for
demand-side management of a residential building has been validated by a
realistic case study.