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\begin{document}

\title{The 2020 Mw 6.5 Monte Cristro Range (Nevada) earthquake: anatomy of a
large rupture through a region of highly-distributed faulting}



\author[1]{Israporn Sethanant}%
\author[1]{Edwin Nissen}%
\author[2]{Léa Pousse‐Beltran}%
\author[3]{Eric A Bergman}%
\author[4]{Ian Pierce}%
\affil[1]{University of Victoria}%
\affil[2]{School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, UGE, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France}%
\affil[3]{Global Seismological Services}%
\affil[4]{University of Oxford}%


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  \date{May 24, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The 15 May 2020 Mw 6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake (MCRE) in Nevada,
USA is the largest instrumental event in the Mina deflection, an
E-trending stepover zone of highly diffuse faulting within the Walker
Lane. The MCRE mostly ruptured previously unmapped faults, motivating us
to characterize the behaviour of an earthquake on a
structurally-immature fault. We use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture
Radar (InSAR) data and regional GNSS offsets to model the causative
faulting. Our three fault model indicates almost pure left-lateral
motion in the east and normal-sinistral slip in the west. Maximum slip
of 1.1 m occurs at 8-10 km depth but less than 0.2 m of slip reaches the
surface, yielding a pronounced shallow slip deficit (SSD) of 86\%. Our
calibrated relocated hypocenters and focal mechanisms indicate that the
mainshock initiated at 9 km depth and aftershock focal depths range from
1 to 11 km, helping constrain the local seismogenic thickness. We
further present new field observations of fracturing and pebble-clearing
that shed light on the western MCRE kinematics, revealing a paired fault
system below the spatial resolution of the InSAR model. The segmented
fault geometry, off-fault aftershocks with variable mechanisms,
distributed surface fractures, limited long-term geomorphic features,
and an estimated cumulative offset of 600-700 m, are all characteristic
of a structurally-immature fault system. However, the large SSD is not
unusual for an earthquake of this magnitude, and a larger compilation of
InSAR models (twenty-eight Mw[?]6.4 strike-slip events) shows that SSDs
are not correlated with structural maturity as previously suggested.%
\end{abstract}%



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