Figure 5. RMSE of 24-hour precipitation (mm) for different versions of 13-km SHiELD (orange) compared to contemporary GFS (blue). Each version’s results are aggregated over the same two-year of hindcast periods plotted in Figures 3 and 4. Top row: Global verification vs. GPCP dataset (regridded to 1 degree); middle row: tropics (30S–30N) verification vs. TRMM dataset (regridded to 25 km); bottom row: CONUS verification vs. StageIV dataset (regridded to 13 km). Gray shading is the 95% confidence interval.