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\begin{document}

\title{Complementary observations aid identification of the mountain rain-snow
transition elevation}



\author[1]{W. Tyler Brandt}%
\author[1]{Forest Cannon}%
\author[1]{Ava Cooper}%
\author[2]{Luca Delle Monache}%
\author[3]{Kayden Haleakala}%
\author[4]{Benjamin J Hatchett}%
\author[5]{Bruce McGurk}%
\author[2]{Ming Pan}%
\author[6]{F. Martin Ralph}%
\affil[1]{Scripps Institution of Oceanography}%
\affil[2]{University of California San Diego}%
\affil[3]{University of California Los Angeles}%
\affil[4]{Desert Research Institute}%
\affil[5]{Self-employed}%
\affil[6]{SIO}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{June 10, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The elevation of the mountain rain-snow transition is critical for
short-term hazard forecasting and longer-term water supply
considerations. Despite the transition's importance, direct in-situ
observations are rare. Here we present two new methods that utilize
``anomalous'' snow observations to detect rainfall during rain-on-snow:
(1) a mass fluctuation at snow pillow sites, and (2) inflated remotely
sensed snow grain sizes. Using auxiliary data, we show snow pillows
respond to rain-on-snow with distinct perturbations that appear as
pulses, collapses and declines within the snow water equivalent. We use
these responses to identify mountain-scale rain-snow transitions across
California's Sierra Nevada. We also show how a threshold approach
(\textgreater{}200 mm) for remotely sensed snow grain size can identify
rain-on-snow as snow grain sizes artificially inflate due to a liquid
water film. While the methods are not predictive, if paired
retroactively with hydrometeorological models, these new methods have
the potential to improve predictive streamflow capabilities.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`essoar.10510466.1.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/523787/articles/605441-complementary-observations-aid-identification-of-the-mountain-rain-snow-transition-elevation}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`brandtty_grl_snowpillow_ros_response_suppinfo.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/523787/articles/605441-complementary-observations-aid-identification-of-the-mountain-rain-snow-transition-elevation}

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