3.3 Runoff and soil loss response of SMSTs
The effect of SMST on average annual soil loss and runoff during the years 2018-20 is illustrated in Fig. 4. Over this period, SCCBT treatment demonstrated the significantly lowest runoff (88.6 mm) and was able to reduce runoff by 44% compared to control-SS. Conversely, significantly highest runoff was observed in control-SS, which was comparable to SST. Despite the fact that SCCBT treatment exhibited the lowest runoff, but it generated two times higher soil loss compare to control. The SBT had generated significantly lowest soil loss while SS generated almost same soil loss as that of SSTS. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that untreated slope produced higher runoff compared to terraces and trenches. Cultivating sapota on sites with tillage on terrace and slope was found more vulnerable to soil loss. SMSTs such as SCCBT and SBT demonstrated strong impact in reducing runoff from the degraded ravine, whereas SBT was more effective in reducing soil loss compared to control.