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\begin{document}

\title{Counter-gradient momentum transport through subtropical shallow
convection in ICON-LEM simulations}



\author[1,1]{Vishal Vijay Dixit}%
\author[1,1]{Louise Nuijens}%
\author[2,2]{Kevin Christopher Helfer}%
\affil[1]{TU Delft}%
\affil[2]{Delft University of Technology}%


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  \date{May 28, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
It is well known that subtropical shallow convection transports heat and
water vapour upwards from surface. It is less clear if it also
transports horizontal momentum upwards to significantly affect the trade
winds in which it is embedded. We utilize unique multi-day large eddy
simulations run over the tropical Atlantic with ICON-LEM to investigate
the character of convective momentum transport (CMT) by shallow
convection.\\
For a typical trade wind profile during boreal winter, the convection
acts like an apparent friction to decelerate the north-easterlies. This
effect is maximum below the cloud base while in the cloud layer, the
friction is minimum but is distributed over a relatively deeper layer.
In the cloud layer, the zonal component of the momentum flux is
counter-gradient and penetrates deeper than reported in traditional
shallow cumulus LES cases. The transport through conditionally sampled
convective updrafts and downdrafts explains the weak friction effect but
not the counter-gradient flux near cloud tops.\\
The analysis of the momentum flux budget reveals that, in the cloud
layer, the counter-gradient flux is driven by convectively triggered
non-hydrostatic pressure-gradients and horizontal circulations
surrounding the clouds. A model set-up with large domain size and
realistic boundary conditions is necessary to resolve these effects.%
\end{abstract}%



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\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`figs7.gif`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/518960/articles/607532-counter-gradient-momentum-transport-through-subtropical-shallow-convection-in-icon-lem-simulations}

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