Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile
range) or n (%). P values are from independent samples ttests, Mann–Whitney comparison, chi-squared or Fisher’s exact tests, as
appropriate. *P <0.05 indicates
statistically significant differences between groups.P a values are from Wilcoxon matched-pairs
signed-rank test for intragroup comparisons.#P <0.05 indicates statistically
significant differences compared with preoperative values. CON, control;
KET, esketamine; NRS, numeric rating scale; PACU, post-anesthesia care
unit; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale; PONV, postoperative
nausea and vomiting.