Study patients
Consecutive patients who underwent initial radiofrequency catheter ablation for AF between February 2020 and October 2021, and who had a left atrial (LA) activation map obtained during right atrium (RA) pacing were enrolled. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, and an opt-out system was used to obtain patient consent for the use of their clinical data for research purposes. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.