PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW CTL CTL CTL CTL CTL CTL CTL
Baseline Baseline 28wk 28wk 35wk 35wk Baseline Baseline Baseline 28wk 28wk 35wk 35wk
Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose Postprandial Glucose
Breakfast Mean, mmol.L-1 Breakfast Mean, mmol.L-1 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.9 ± 0.4) 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.9 ± 0.4) 5.9 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5) 5.9 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5) 5.80 ± 0.42 (5.80 ± 0.42) 5.80 ± 0.42 (5.80 ± 0.42) 5.6 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.6) 5.6 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.6) 5.6 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.6) 5.6 ± 0.6 (5.6 ± 0.6) 5.6 ± 0.6 (5.6 ± 0.6) 5.8 ± 0.9 (5.8 ± 0.9) 5.8 ± 0.9 (5.8 ± 0.9)
Breakfast AUC Breakfast AUC 1034 ± 76 (1043 ± 69) 1034 ± 76 (1043 ± 69) 1049 ± 95 (1051 ± 99) 1049 ± 95 (1051 ± 99) 1007 ± 84 (1007 ± 84) 1007 ± 84 (1007 ± 84) 954 ± 213 (947 ± 219) 954 ± 213 (947 ± 219) 954 ± 213 (947 ± 219) 963 ± 215 (962 ± 223) 963 ± 215 (962 ± 223) 986 ± 275 (986 ± 275) 986 ± 275 (986 ± 275)
Breakfast iAUC Breakfast iAUC 76 ± 31 (74 ± 32) 76 ± 31 (74 ± 32) 78 ± 33 (77 ± 34) 78 ± 33 (77 ± 34) 95 ± 38 (95 ± 38) 95 ± 38 (95 ± 38) 72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) 72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) 72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) 64 ± 27 (66 ± 27) 64 ± 27 (66 ± 27) 90 ± 55 (90 ± 55) 90 ± 55 (90 ± 55)
Lunch Mean, mmol.L-1 Lunch Mean, mmol.L-1 5.8 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* 5.8 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* 6.0 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* 5.9 ± 0.3 (5.9 ± 0.3)* 5.9 ± 0.3 (5.9 ± 0.3)* 5.6 ± 0.7 (5.5 ± 0.7)* 5.6 ± 0.7 (5.5 ± 0.7)* 5.6 ± 0.7 (5.5 ± 0.7)* 5.8 ± 0.8 (5.7 ± 0.8)* 5.8 ± 0.8 (5.7 ± 0.8)* 5.6 ± 0.7 (5.6 ± 0.7)* 5.6 ± 0.7 (5.6 ± 0.7)*
Lunch AUC Lunch AUC 1036 ± 96 (1049 ± 85)* 1036 ± 96 (1049 ± 85)* 1060 ± 92 (1058 ± 95)* 1060 ± 92 (1058 ± 95)* 1052 ± 47 (1052 ± 47)* 1052 ± 47 (1052 ± 47)* 965 ± 214 (959 ± 220)* 965 ± 214 (959 ± 220)* 965 ± 214 (959 ± 220)* 996 ± 238 (989 ± 245)* 996 ± 238 (989 ± 245)* 955 ± 251 (955 ± 251)* 955 ± 251 (955 ± 251)*
Lunch iAUC Lunch iAUC 76 ± 50 (75 ± 52) 76 ± 50 (75 ± 52) 70 ± 25 (71 ± 26) 70 ± 25 (71 ± 26) 72 ± 19 (72 ± 19) 72 ± 19 (72 ± 19) 64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) 64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) 64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) 79 ± 46 (77 ± 47) 79 ± 46 (77 ± 47) 80 ± 51 (80 ± 51) 80 ± 51 (80 ± 51)
Dinner Mean, mmol.L-1 Dinner Mean, mmol.L-1 5.9 ± 0.5* (5.9 ± 0.5) 5.9 ± 0.5* (5.9 ± 0.5) 6.0 ± 0.6* (6.1 ± 0.6) 6.0 ± 0.6* (6.1 ± 0.6) 6.1 ± 0.3* (6.1 ± 0.3) 6.1 ± 0.3* (6.1 ± 0.3) 5.8 ± 0.7* (5.7 ± 0.6) 5.8 ± 0.7* (5.7 ± 0.6) 5.8 ± 0.7* (5.7 ± 0.6) 5.8 ± 0.6* (5.8 ± 0.7) 5.8 ± 0.6* (5.8 ± 0.7) 5.6 ± 0.8* (5.6 ± 0.8) 5.6 ± 0.8* (5.6 ± 0.8)
Dinner AUC Dinner AUC 1048 ± 92* (1058 ± 86) 1048 ± 92* (1058 ± 86) 1076 ± 116* (1084 ± 117) 1076 ± 116* (1084 ± 117) 1069 ± 76* (1069 ± 76) 1069 ± 76* (1069 ± 76) 995 ± 221* (976 ± 216) 995 ± 221* (976 ± 216) 995 ± 221* (976 ± 216) 1003 ± 226* (998 ± 234) 1003 ± 226* (998 ± 234) 944 ± 257* (944 ± 257) 944 ± 257* (944 ± 257)
Dinner iAUC Dinner iAUC 71 ± 39 (70 ± 40)* 71 ± 39 (70 ± 40)* 65 ± 36 (63 ± 36)* 65 ± 36 (63 ± 36)* 65 ± 33 (65 ± 33)* 65 ± 33 (65 ± 33)* 66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* 66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* 66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* 73 ± 46 (73 ± 48)* 73 ± 46 (73 ± 48)* 62 ± 31 (62 ± 31)* 62 ± 31 (62 ± 31)*
24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h 24 h
Mean, mmol.L-1 Mean, mmol.L-1 5.4 ± 0.44 (5.5 ± 0.3) 5.4 ± 0.44 (5.5 ± 0.3) 5.6 ± 0.5 (5.6 ± 0.5) 5.6 ± 0.5 (5.6 ± 0.5) 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.5 ± 0.3) 5.5 ± 0.3 (5.5 ± 0.3) 5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) 5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) 5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) 5.3 ± 0.5 (5.3 ± 0.6) 5.3 ± 0.5 (5.3 ± 0.6) 5.3 ± 0.6 (5.3 ± 0.6) 5.3 ± 0.6 (5.3 ± 0.6)
MAG MAG 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9 ± 0.0) 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9 ± 0.0) 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.8 ± 0.8) 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.8 ± 0.8) 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.8 ± 0.1) 0.8 ± 0.1 (0.8 ± 0.1) 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9 ± 0.5) 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9 ± 0.5) 0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9 ± 0.5) 0.9 ± 0.5 (0.9 ± 0.6) 0.9 ± 0.5 (0.9 ± 0.6) 1.0 ± 0.7 (1.0 ± 0.7) 1.0 ± 0.7 (1.0 ± 0.7)
SD SD 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.8 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) 0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2)
AUC AUC 7757 ± 632 (7866 ± 487)* 7757 ± 632 (7866 ± 487)* 8000 ± 725 (8037 ± 741)* 8000 ± 725 (8037 ± 741)* 7745 ± 524 (7745 ± 524)* 7745 ± 524 (7745 ± 524)* 7359 ± 1509 (7330 ± 1557)* 7359 ± 1509 (7330 ± 1557)* 7359 ± 1509 (7330 ± 1557)* 7346 ± 1619 (7325 ± 1677)* 7346 ± 1619 (7325 ± 1677)* 7181 ± 1879 (7181 ± 1879)* 7181 ± 1879 (7181 ± 1879)*
iAUC iAUC 586 ± 2010 (497 ± 275)* 586 ± 2010 (497 ± 275)* 505 ± 188 (359 ± 172)* 505 ± 188 (359 ± 172)* 546 ± 153 (437 ± 224)* 546 ± 153 (437 ± 224)* 540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* 540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* 540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* 371 ± 173 (512 ± 194)* 371 ± 173 (512 ± 194)* 437 ± 224 (546 ± 154)* 437 ± 224 (546 ± 154)*
Peak, mmol.L-1 Peak, mmol.L-1 7.4 ± 0.6 (7.5 ± 0.6) 7.4 ± 0.6 (7.5 ± 0.6) 7.5 ± 0.8 (7.5 ± 0.8) 7.5 ± 0.8 (7.5 ± 0.8) 7.2 ± 0.3 (7.2 ± 0.3) 7.2 ± 0.3 (7.2 ± 0.3) 7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) 7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) 7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) 7.2 ± 0.7 (7.3 ± 0.7) 7.2 ± 0.7 (7.3 ± 0.7) 7.1 ± 0.9 (7.1 ± 0.9) 7.1 ± 0.9 (7.1 ± 0.9)
Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal Nocturnal
Mean, mmol.L-1 Mean, mmol.L-1 4.9 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.5) 4.9 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.5 ± 0.6 (5.2 ± 0.6) 5.5 ± 0.6 (5.2 ± 0.6) 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.6) 5.0 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.6) 4.9 ± 0.7 (4.9 ± 0.7) 4.9 ± 0.7 (4.9 ± 0.7)
MAG MAG 0.6 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) 0.6 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) 0.5 ± 0.2 (0.5 ± 0.2) 0.5 ± 0.2 (0.5 ± 0.2) 0.6 ± 0.5 (0.6 ± 0.6) 0.6 ± 0.5 (0.6 ± 0.6) 0.6 ± 0.5 (0.6 ± 0.6) 0.7 ± 1.0 (0.7 ± 1.0) 0.7 ± 1.0 (0.7 ± 1.0) 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.6 ± 0.3) 0.6 ± 0.3 (0.6 ± 0.3)
SD SD 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.4 ± 0.2 (0.4 ± 0.2) 0.4 ± 0.2 (0.4 ± 0.2) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.2 (0.3 ± 0.2) 0.3 ± 0.2 (0.3 ± 0.2) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) 0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1)
Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting) Finger pricks (fasting)
Mean, mmol.L-1 Mean, mmol.L-1 5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.4 (5.0 ± 0.4) 5.0 ± 0.4 (5.0 ± 0.4) 4.7 ± 0.3 (4.7 ± 0.3) 4.7 ± 0.3 (4.7 ± 0.3) 4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) 4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) 4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) 4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) 5.0 ± 0.2 (5.0 ± 0.2) 5.0 ± 0.2 (5.0 ± 0.2)
PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW PMW CTL CTL CTL CTL CTL CTL
Baseline Baseline 28wk 28wk 32wk 32wk 35wk 35wk Baseline 28wk 28wk 32wk 32wk 35wk
Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence Adherence
Average, min.day-1 27 ± 13 (27 ± 13) 27 ± 13 (27 ± 13) 28 ± 10 (28 ± 10) 28 ± 10 (28 ± 10) 39 ± 13 (39 ± 13) 39 ± 13 (39 ± 13) 24.± 14 (24 ± 14) 24.± 14 (24 ± 14) 31 ± 14 (31 ± 15) 32 ± 14 (32 ± 14) 32 ± 14 (32 ± 14) 27 ± 11 (27 ± 12) 27 ± 11 (27 ± 12) 29 ± 10 (29 ± 10)
Activity Score during prescribed time, METs 2.6 ± 0.5 (2.6 ± 0.5) 2.6 ± 0.5 (2.6 ± 0.5) 2.2 ± 0.3 (2.2 ± 0.3) 2.2 ± 0.3 (2.2 ± 0.3) 2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) 2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) 2.3 ± 0.4 (2.3 ± 0.4) 2.3 ± 0.4 (2.3 ± 0.4) 2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) 2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4) 2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4) 2.3 ± 0.4 (2.2 ± 0.4) 2.3 ± 0.4 (2.2 ± 0.4) 2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4)
Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention Adherence at meals to intervention
Breakfast, min - - 10 ± 6Ψ (10 ± 6) Ψ 10 ± 6Ψ (10 ± 6) Ψ 15 ± 11Ψ (15 ± 11) Ψ 15 ± 11Ψ (15 ± 11) Ψ 5 ± 3Ψ (5 ± 3) Ψ 5 ± 3Ψ (5 ± 3) Ψ - - - - - -
Lunch, min - - 10 ± 5 (10 ± 5) 10 ± 5 (10 ± 5) 12 ± 5 (12 ± 5) 12 ± 5 (12 ± 5) 11 ± 10 (11 ± 10) 11 ± 10 (11 ± 10) - - - - - -
Dinner, min - - 8 ± 4Ψ (8 ± 4) Ψ 8 ± 4Ψ (8 ± 4) Ψ 12 ± 3Ψ (12 ± 3) Ψ 12 ± 3Ψ (12 ± 3) Ψ 8 ± 3Ψ (8 ± 3) Ψ 8 ± 3Ψ (8 ± 3) Ψ - - - - - -
Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity Physical Activity
Sitting bouts > 30 min, min
820 ± 97 (820 ± 97) 820 ± 97 (820 ± 97) 782 ± 92 (782 ± 92) 782 ± 92 (782 ± 92) 792 ± 78 (792 ± 78) 792 ± 78 (792 ± 78) 791 ± 73 (791 ± 73) 791 ± 73 (791 ± 73) 745 ± 123 (755 ± 119) 764 ± 104 (773 ± 102) 764 ± 104 (773 ± 102) 785 ± 128 (785 ± 134) 785 ± 128 (785 ± 134) 802 ± 126 (802 ± 126)
Standing Time, min.day-1
248 ± 112 (248 ± 112) 248 ± 112 (248 ± 112) 262 ± 68 262 ± 68) 262 ± 68 262 ± 68) 249 ± 74 (249 ± 74) 249 ± 74 (249 ± 74) 280 ± 84 (280 ± 84) 280 ± 84 (280 ± 84) 270 ± 92 (269 ± 94) 266 ± 54 (265 ± 56) 266 ± 54 (265 ± 56) 259 ± 64 (261 ± 67) 259 ± 64 (261 ± 67) 249 ± 41 (249 ± 50)
Stepping Time, min.day-1 99 ± 22* (99 ± 22) 99 ± 22* (99 ± 22) 103 ± 32* (103 ± 32) 103 ± 32* (103 ± 32) 106 ± 22* (106 ± 22) 106 ± 22* (106 ± 22) 89 ± 22* (89 ± 45) 89 ± 22* (89 ± 45) 124 ± 43* (122 ± 44) 121 ± 41* (120 ± 42) 121 ± 41* (120 ± 42) 103 ± 42* (102 ± 44) 103 ± 42* (102 ± 44) 107 ± 32* (107 ± 32)
Sitting Time, min.day-1
1094 ± 121* (1094 ± 121)* 1094 ± 121* (1094 ± 121)* 1075 ± 84* (1075 ± 84)* 1075 ± 84* (1075 ± 84)* 1085 ± 78* (1085 ± 78)* 1085 ± 78* (1085 ± 78)* 1071 ± 90* (1071 ± 90)* 1071 ± 90* (1071 ± 90)* 1000 ± 172* (1000 ± 177)* 987 ± 202* (986 ± 209)* 987 ± 202* (986 ± 209)* 1031 ± 187* (1026 ± 194)* 1031 ± 187* (1026 ± 194)* 1042 ± 163* (1042 ± 163)*
Activity Score, METs.h-1 34 ± 1.1 (34 ± 1.1) 34 ± 1.1 (34 ± 1.1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 33 ± 1 (33 ± 1) 33 ± 1 (33 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) 34 ± 1 (34 ± 1)