|
|
Baseline |
Baseline |
28wk |
28wk |
35wk |
35wk |
Baseline |
Baseline |
Baseline |
28wk |
28wk |
35wk |
35wk |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial Glucose |
Postprandial
Glucose |
Breakfast Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Breakfast Mean,
mmol.L-1
|
5.8 ± 0.4 (5.9 ± 0.4) |
5.8 ± 0.4 (5.9 ±
0.4) |
5.9 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5) |
5.9 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5) |
5.80 ± 0.42 (5.80
± 0.42) |
5.80 ± 0.42 (5.80 ± 0.42) |
5.6 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.6) |
5.6 ± 0.6
(5.5 ± 0.6) |
5.6 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.6) |
5.6 ± 0.6 (5.6 ± 0.6) |
5.6 ± 0.6
(5.6 ± 0.6) |
5.8 ± 0.9 (5.8 ± 0.9) |
5.8 ± 0.9 (5.8 ±
0.9) |
Breakfast AUC |
Breakfast AUC |
1034 ± 76 (1043 ± 69) |
1034 ± 76 (1043
± 69) |
1049 ± 95 (1051 ± 99) |
1049 ± 95 (1051 ± 99) |
1007 ± 84 (1007
± 84) |
1007 ± 84 (1007 ± 84) |
954 ± 213 (947 ± 219) |
954 ± 213 (947 ±
219) |
954 ± 213 (947 ± 219) |
963 ± 215 (962 ± 223) |
963 ± 215 (962 ±
223) |
986 ± 275 (986 ± 275) |
986 ± 275 (986 ± 275) |
Breakfast iAUC |
Breakfast iAUC |
76 ± 31 (74 ± 32) |
76 ± 31 (74 ± 32) |
78 ± 33 (77 ± 34) |
78 ± 33 (77 ± 34) |
95 ± 38 (95 ± 38) |
95 ± 38
(95 ± 38) |
72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) |
72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) |
72 ± 44 (71 ± 46) |
64 ± 27 (66 ± 27) |
64 ± 27 (66 ± 27) |
90 ± 55 (90 ± 55) |
90 ± 55 (90
± 55) |
Lunch Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Lunch Mean,
mmol.L-1
|
5.8 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* |
5.8 ± 0.5 (5.9 ±
0.5)* |
6.0 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* |
6.0 ± 0.5 (5.9 ± 0.5)* |
5.9 ± 0.3 (5.9
± 0.3)* |
5.9 ± 0.3 (5.9 ± 0.3)* |
5.6 ± 0.7 (5.5 ± 0.7)* |
5.6 ± 0.7
(5.5 ± 0.7)* |
5.6 ± 0.7 (5.5 ± 0.7)* |
5.8 ± 0.8 (5.7 ± 0.8)* |
5.8 ±
0.8 (5.7 ± 0.8)* |
5.6 ± 0.7 (5.6 ± 0.7)* |
5.6 ± 0.7 (5.6 ±
0.7)* |
Lunch AUC |
Lunch AUC |
1036 ± 96 (1049 ± 85)* |
1036 ± 96 (1049 ± 85)* |
1060 ± 92 (1058 ± 95)* |
1060 ± 92 (1058 ± 95)* |
1052 ± 47 (1052 ±
47)* |
1052 ± 47 (1052 ± 47)* |
965 ± 214 (959 ± 220)* |
965 ± 214 (959
± 220)* |
965 ± 214 (959 ± 220)* |
996 ± 238 (989 ± 245)* |
996 ± 238
(989 ± 245)* |
955 ± 251 (955 ± 251)* |
955 ± 251 (955 ±
251)* |
Lunch iAUC |
Lunch iAUC |
76 ± 50 (75 ± 52) |
76 ± 50 (75 ± 52) |
70 ±
25 (71 ± 26) |
70 ± 25 (71 ± 26) |
72 ± 19 (72 ± 19) |
72 ± 19 (72 ± 19) |
64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) |
64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) |
64 ± 43 (63 ± 44) |
79 ± 46
(77 ± 47) |
79 ± 46 (77 ± 47) |
80 ± 51 (80 ± 51) |
80 ± 51 (80 ±
51) |
Dinner Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Dinner Mean,
mmol.L-1
|
5.9 ± 0.5* (5.9 ± 0.5) |
5.9 ± 0.5* (5.9 ±
0.5) |
6.0 ± 0.6* (6.1 ± 0.6) |
6.0 ± 0.6* (6.1 ± 0.6) |
6.1 ± 0.3* (6.1
± 0.3) |
6.1 ± 0.3* (6.1 ± 0.3) |
5.8 ± 0.7* (5.7 ± 0.6) |
5.8 ± 0.7*
(5.7 ± 0.6) |
5.8 ± 0.7* (5.7 ± 0.6) |
5.8 ± 0.6* (5.8 ± 0.7) |
5.8 ±
0.6* (5.8 ± 0.7) |
5.6 ± 0.8* (5.6 ± 0.8) |
5.6 ± 0.8* (5.6 ±
0.8) |
Dinner AUC |
Dinner AUC |
1048 ± 92* (1058 ± 86) |
1048 ± 92* (1058 ±
86) |
1076 ± 116* (1084 ± 117) |
1076 ± 116* (1084 ± 117) |
1069 ± 76*
(1069 ± 76) |
1069 ± 76* (1069 ± 76) |
995 ± 221* (976 ± 216) |
995 ±
221* (976 ± 216) |
995 ± 221* (976 ± 216) |
1003 ± 226* (998 ± 234) |
1003 ± 226* (998 ± 234) |
944 ± 257* (944 ± 257) |
944 ± 257* (944 ±
257) |
Dinner iAUC |
Dinner iAUC |
71 ± 39 (70 ± 40)* |
71 ± 39 (70 ± 40)* |
65
± 36 (63 ± 36)* |
65 ± 36 (63 ± 36)* |
65 ± 33 (65 ± 33)* |
65 ± 33 (65
± 33)* |
66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* |
66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* |
66 ± 6 (58 ± 54)* |
73
± 46 (73 ± 48)* |
73 ± 46 (73 ± 48)* |
62 ± 31 (62 ± 31)* |
62 ± 31 (62
± 31)* |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24
h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
24 h |
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
5.4 ± 0.44 (5.5 ± 0.3) |
5.4 ± 0.44 (5.5 ± 0.3) |
5.6 ± 0.5 (5.6 ± 0.5) |
5.6 ± 0.5 (5.6 ± 0.5) |
5.5 ± 0.3 (5.5 ± 0.3) |
5.5 ± 0.3 (5.5 ± 0.3) |
5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) |
5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) |
5.3 ± 0.4 (5.3 ± 0.5) |
5.3 ± 0.5 (5.3 ± 0.6) |
5.3 ± 0.5 (5.3 ± 0.6) |
5.3 ± 0.6 (5.3 ± 0.6) |
5.3 ± 0.6 (5.3 ± 0.6) |
MAG |
MAG |
0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9 ± 0.0) |
0.9 ± 0.2 (0.9 ± 0.0) |
0.8 ± 0.2
(0.8 ± 0.8) |
0.8 ± 0.2 (0.8 ± 0.8) |
0.8 ± 0.1 (0.8 ± 0.1) |
0.8 ± 0.1
(0.8 ± 0.1) |
0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9 ± 0.5) |
0.9 ± 0.4 (0.9 ± 0.5) |
0.9 ± 0.4
(0.9 ± 0.5) |
0.9 ± 0.5 (0.9 ± 0.6) |
0.9 ± 0.5 (0.9 ± 0.6) |
1.0 ± 0.7
(1.0 ± 0.7) |
1.0 ± 0.7 (1.0 ± 0.7) |
SD |
SD |
0.8 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.8 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7
± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7
± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.1) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7
± 0.1) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7
± 0.2) |
0.7 ± 0.2 (0.7 ± 0.2) |
AUC |
AUC |
7757 ± 632 (7866 ± 487)* |
7757 ± 632 (7866 ± 487)* |
8000 ±
725 (8037 ± 741)* |
8000 ± 725 (8037 ± 741)* |
7745 ± 524 (7745 ± 524)* |
7745 ± 524 (7745 ± 524)* |
7359 ± 1509 (7330 ± 1557)* |
7359 ± 1509
(7330 ± 1557)* |
7359 ± 1509 (7330 ± 1557)* |
7346 ± 1619 (7325 ± 1677)* |
7346 ± 1619 (7325 ± 1677)* |
7181 ± 1879 (7181 ± 1879)* |
7181 ± 1879
(7181 ± 1879)* |
iAUC |
iAUC |
586 ± 2010 (497 ± 275)* |
586 ± 2010 (497 ± 275)* |
505 ±
188 (359 ± 172)* |
505 ± 188 (359 ± 172)* |
546 ± 153 (437 ± 224)* |
546
± 153 (437 ± 224)* |
540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* |
540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* |
540 ± 316 (592 ± 216)* |
371 ± 173 (512 ± 194)* |
371 ± 173 (512 ± 194)* |
437 ± 224 (546 ± 154)* |
437 ± 224 (546 ± 154)* |
Peak, mmol.L-1
|
Peak, mmol.L-1
|
7.4 ± 0.6 (7.5 ± 0.6) |
7.4 ± 0.6 (7.5 ± 0.6) |
7.5 ± 0.8 (7.5 ± 0.8) |
7.5 ± 0.8 (7.5 ± 0.8) |
7.2 ± 0.3 (7.2 ± 0.3) |
7.2 ± 0.3 (7.2 ± 0.3) |
7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) |
7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) |
7.1 ± 0.7 (7.0 ± 0.6) |
7.2 ± 0.7 (7.3 ± 0.7) |
7.2 ± 0.7 (7.3 ± 0.7) |
7.1 ± 0.9 (7.1 ± 0.9) |
7.1 ± 0.9 (7.1 ± 0.9) |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Nocturnal |
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
4.9 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
4.9 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.5 ± 0.6 (5.2 ± 0.6) |
5.5 ± 0.6 (5.2 ± 0.6) |
4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) |
4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.6) |
5.0 ± 0.6 (5.0 ± 0.6) |
4.9 ± 0.7 (4.9 ± 0.7) |
4.9 ± 0.7 (4.9 ± 0.7) |
MAG |
MAG |
0.6 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) |
0.6 ± 0.2 (0.6 ± 0.1) |
0.4 ± 0.1
(0.4 ± 0.1) |
0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) |
0.5 ± 0.2 (0.5 ± 0.2) |
0.5 ± 0.2
(0.5 ± 0.2) |
0.6 ± 0.5 (0.6 ± 0.6) |
0.6 ± 0.5 (0.6 ± 0.6) |
0.6 ± 0.5
(0.6 ± 0.6) |
0.7 ± 1.0 (0.7 ± 1.0) |
0.7 ± 1.0 (0.7 ± 1.0) |
0.6 ± 0.3
(0.6 ± 0.3) |
0.6 ± 0.3 (0.6 ± 0.3) |
SD |
SD |
0.4 ± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) |
0.4
± 0.1 (0.4 ± 0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ±
0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) |
0.4 ± 0.2 (0.4 ± 0.2) |
0.4 ± 0.2 (0.4 ±
0.2) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ±
0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.2 (0.3 ± 0.2) |
0.3 ± 0.2 (0.3 ± 0.2) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ±
0.1) |
0.3 ± 0.1 (0.3 ± 0.1) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks
(fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger
pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks
(fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Finger
pricks (fasting) |
Finger pricks (fasting) |
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
Mean, mmol.L-1
|
5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.5 (5.0 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.4 (5.0 ± 0.4) |
5.0 ± 0.4 (5.0 ± 0.4) |
4.7 ± 0.3 (4.7 ± 0.3) |
4.7 ± 0.3 (4.7 ± 0.3) |
4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) |
4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) |
4.9 ± 0.4 (4.9 ± 0.3) |
4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) |
4.9 ± 0.5 (4.9 ± 0.5) |
5.0 ± 0.2 (5.0 ± 0.2) |
5.0 ± 0.2 (5.0 ± 0.2) |
|
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
PMW |
CTL |
CTL |
CTL |
CTL |
CTL |
CTL |
|
Baseline |
Baseline |
28wk |
28wk |
32wk |
32wk |
35wk |
35wk |
Baseline |
28wk |
28wk |
32wk |
32wk |
35wk |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Adherence |
Average, min.day-1
|
27 ± 13 (27 ± 13) |
27 ± 13 (27 ±
13) |
28 ± 10 (28 ± 10) |
28 ± 10 (28 ± 10) |
39 ± 13 (39 ± 13) |
39 ±
13 (39 ± 13) |
24.± 14 (24 ± 14) |
24.± 14 (24 ± 14) |
31 ± 14 (31 ± 15) |
32 ± 14 (32 ± 14) |
32 ± 14 (32 ± 14) |
27 ± 11 (27 ± 12) |
27 ± 11
(27 ± 12) |
29 ± 10 (29 ± 10) |
Activity Score during prescribed time, METs |
2.6 ± 0.5 (2.6 ± 0.5) |
2.6 ± 0.5 (2.6 ± 0.5) |
2.2 ± 0.3 (2.2 ± 0.3) |
2.2 ± 0.3 (2.2 ± 0.3) |
2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) |
2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) |
2.3 ± 0.4 (2.3 ± 0.4) |
2.3 ± 0.4 (2.3 ± 0.4) |
2.4 ± 0.3 (2.4 ± 0.3) |
2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4) |
2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4) |
2.3 ± 0.4 (2.2 ± 0.4) |
2.3 ± 0.4 (2.2 ± 0.4) |
2.5 ± 0.4 (2.5 ± 0.4) |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to
intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals
to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at
meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence
at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to intervention |
Adherence at meals to
intervention |
Breakfast, min |
- |
- |
10 ± 6Ψ (10 ± 6)
Ψ
|
10 ± 6Ψ (10 ± 6)
Ψ
|
15 ± 11Ψ (15 ± 11)
Ψ
|
15 ± 11Ψ (15 ± 11)
Ψ
|
5 ± 3Ψ (5 ± 3)
Ψ
|
5 ± 3Ψ (5 ± 3)
Ψ
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Lunch, min |
- |
- |
10 ± 5 (10 ± 5) |
10 ± 5 (10 ± 5) |
12 ± 5 (12 ± 5) |
12 ± 5 (12 ± 5) |
11 ± 10 (11 ± 10) |
11 ± 10 (11 ± 10) |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Dinner, min |
- |
- |
8 ± 4Ψ (8 ± 4)
Ψ
|
8 ± 4Ψ (8 ± 4)
Ψ
|
12 ± 3Ψ (12 ± 3)
Ψ
|
12 ± 3Ψ (12 ± 3)
Ψ
|
8 ± 3Ψ (8 ± 3)
Ψ
|
8 ± 3Ψ (8 ± 3)
Ψ
|
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical
Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical
Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Physical Activity |
Sitting bouts > 30 min, min
|
820 ± 97
(820 ± 97)
|
820 ± 97
(820 ± 97)
|
782 ± 92
(782 ± 92)
|
782 ± 92
(782 ± 92)
|
792 ± 78
(792 ± 78)
|
792 ± 78
(792 ± 78)
|
791 ± 73
(791 ± 73)
|
791 ± 73
(791 ± 73)
|
745 ± 123
(755 ± 119)
|
764 ± 104
(773 ± 102)
|
764 ± 104
(773 ± 102)
|
785 ± 128
(785 ± 134)
|
785 ± 128
(785 ± 134)
|
802 ± 126
(802 ± 126)
|
Standing Time, min.day-1
|
248 ± 112
(248 ± 112)
|
248 ± 112
(248 ± 112)
|
262 ± 68
262 ± 68)
|
262 ± 68
262 ± 68)
|
249 ± 74
(249 ± 74)
|
249 ± 74
(249 ± 74)
|
280 ± 84
(280 ± 84)
|
280 ± 84
(280 ± 84)
|
270 ± 92
(269 ± 94)
|
266 ± 54
(265 ± 56)
|
266 ± 54
(265 ± 56)
|
259 ± 64
(261 ± 67)
|
259 ± 64
(261 ± 67)
|
249 ± 41
(249 ± 50)
|
Stepping Time, min.day-1
|
99 ± 22* (99 ± 22) |
99 ±
22* (99 ± 22) |
103 ± 32* (103 ± 32) |
103 ± 32* (103 ± 32) |
106 ± 22*
(106 ± 22) |
106 ± 22* (106 ± 22) |
89 ± 22* (89 ± 45) |
89 ± 22* (89 ±
45) |
124 ± 43* (122 ± 44) |
121 ± 41* (120 ± 42) |
121 ± 41* (120 ± 42) |
103 ± 42* (102 ± 44) |
103 ± 42* (102 ± 44) |
107 ± 32* (107 ±
32) |
Sitting Time, min.day-1
|
1094 ± 121*
(1094 ± 121)*
|
1094 ± 121*
(1094 ± 121)*
|
1075 ± 84*
(1075 ± 84)*
|
1075 ± 84*
(1075 ± 84)*
|
1085 ± 78*
(1085 ± 78)*
|
1085 ± 78*
(1085 ± 78)*
|
1071 ± 90*
(1071 ± 90)*
|
1071 ± 90*
(1071 ± 90)*
|
1000 ± 172*
(1000 ± 177)*
|
987 ± 202*
(986 ± 209)*
|
987 ± 202*
(986 ± 209)*
|
1031 ± 187*
(1026 ± 194)*
|
1031 ± 187*
(1026 ± 194)*
|
1042 ± 163*
(1042 ± 163)*
|
Activity Score, METs.h-1
|
34 ± 1.1 (34 ± 1.1) |
34 ±
1.1 (34 ± 1.1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
33 ± 1 (33 ± 1) |
33 ± 1 (33 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |
34 ± 1 (34 ± 1) |