References
1. Wang P, Tian D. Bibliometric analysis of global scientific research
on COVID-19. J Biosaf Biosecur . 2021;3(1):4-9.
2. Nowakowska J, Sobocińska J, Lewicki M, Lemańska Ż, Rzymski P. When
science goes viral: The research response during three months of the
COVID-19 outbreak. Biomed Pharmacother . 2020;129(110451):110451.
3. Rahmah L, Abarikwu SO, Arero AG, et al. Oral antiviral treatments for
COVID-19: opportunities and challenges. Pharmacological Reports .
Published online 2022. doi:10.1007/s43440-022-00388-7
4. Cusinato J, Cau Y, Calvani AM, Mori M. Repurposing drugs for the
management of COVID-19. Expert Opin Ther Pat . 2021;31(4):295-307.
5. Eastman RT, Roth JS, Brimacombe KR, et al. Remdesivir: A review of
its discovery and development leading to emergency use authorization for
treatment of COVID-19. ACS Cent Sci . 2020;6(5):672-683.
6. Cho A, Saunders OL, Butler T, et al. Synthesis and antiviral activity
of a series of 1’-substituted 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine C-nucleosides.Bioorg Med Chem Lett . 2012;22(8):2705-2707.
7. EMA. Veklury. European Medicines Agency. Published June 23, 2020.
Accessed January 22, 2023.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/veklury
8. Peck KM, Lauring AS. Complexities of viral mutation rates. J
Virol . 2018;92(14). doi:10.1128/JVI.01031-17
9. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. Accessed January 22, 2023.
https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants
10. O’Horo JC, Challener DW, Speicher L, et al. Effectiveness of
monoclonal antibodies in preventing severe COVID-19 with emergence of
the delta variant. Mayo Clin Proc . 2022;97(2):327-332.
11. Dryden-Peterson S, Kim A, Kim AY, et al. Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir
for early COVID-19 in a large U.s. health system : A population-based
cohort study. Ann Intern Med . 2023;176(1):77-84.
12. Focosi D, Maggi F, McConnell S, Casadevall A. Very low levels of
remdesivir resistance in SARS-COV-2 genomes after 18 months of massive
usage during the COVID19 pandemic: A GISAID exploratory analysis.Antiviral Res . 2022;198(105247):105247.
13. Wiegand T, Nemudryi A, Nemudraia A, et al. The rise and fall of
SARS-CoV-2 variants and ongoing diversification of Omicron.Viruses . 2022;14(9):2009.
14. Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ, Lee HW, et al. Mutations in the
SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confer resistance to remdesivir
by distinct mechanisms. Sci Transl Med . 2022;14(656):eabo0718.
15. Gandhi S, Klein J, Robertson AJ, et al. De novo emergence of a
remdesivir resistance mutation during treatment of persistent SARS-CoV-2
infection in an immunocompromised patient: a case report. Nat
Commun . 2022;13(1):1547.
16. Hogan JI, Duerr R, Dimartino D, et al. Remdesivir resistance in
transplant recipients with persistent Coronavirus disease 2019.Clin Infect Dis . 2023;76(2):342-345.
17. Vangeel L, Chiu W, De Jonghe S, et al. Remdesivir, Molnupiravir and
Nirmatrelvir remain active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and other variants
of concern. Antiviral Res . 2022;198(105252):105252.
18. Pitts J, Li J, Perry JK, et al. Remdesivir and GS-441524 retain
antiviral activity against delta, Omicron, and other emergent SARS-CoV-2
variants. Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2022;66(6):e0022222.
19. Flisiak R, Horban A, Jaroszewicz J, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of
SARS-CoV-2 infection: recommendations of the Polish Association of
Epidemiologists and Infectiologists as of November 12, 2021. Annex no. 1
to the Recommendations of April 26, 2021. Pol Arch Intern Med .
2021;131(11). doi:10.20452/pamw.16140
20. Flisiak R, Horban A, Jaroszewicz J, et al. Management of SARS-CoV-2
infection: recommendations of the Polish Association of Epidemiologists
and Infectiologists as of February 23, 2022. Pol Arch Intern Med .
2022;132(3). doi:10.20452/pamw.16230
21. Flisiak R, Rzymski P, Zarębska-Michaluk D, et al. Variability in the
clinical course of COVID-19 in a retrospective analysis of a large
real-world database. Viruses . 2023;15(1):149.
22. Dobrowolska K, Brzdęk M, Zarębska-Michaluk D, et al. Differences
between the course of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the periods of the Delta
and Omicron variants dominance in Poland. Pol Arch Intern Med .
Published online January 5, 2023. doi:10.20452/pamw.16403
23. Genomic Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with Subsampling Focused on
Europe Since Pandemic Start. Nextstrain. Accessed January 22, 2023.
https://nextstrain.org/ncov/gisaid/europe/
24. Zarębska-Michaluk D, Jaroszewicz J, Rogalska M, et al. Effectiveness
of tocilizumab with and without dexamethasone in patients with severe
COVID-19: A retrospective study. J Inflamm Res .
2021;14:3359-3366.
25. Flisiak R, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Rogalska M, et al. Real-world
experience with molnupiravir during the period of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
variant dominance. Pharmacol Rep . 2022;74(6):1279-1285.
26. Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, et al. Effect of remdesivir vs
standard care on clinical status at 11 days in patients with moderate
COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA .
2020;324(11):1048-1057.
27. Beigel JH, Tomashek KM, Dodd LE, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment
of Covid-19 - final report. N Engl J Med . 2020;383(19):1813-1826.
28. Rzymski P, Kasianchuk N, Sikora D, Poniedziałek B. COVID-19
vaccinations and rates of infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions,
and deaths in Europe during SARS-CoV-2 Omicron wave in the first quarter
of 2022. J Med Virol . Published online September 6, 2022.
doi:10.1002/jmv.28131
29. Viana R, Moyo S, Amoako DG, et al. Rapid epidemic expansion of the
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in southern Africa. Nature .
2022;603(7902):679-686.
30. Ao D, Lan T, He X, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: Immune escape
and vaccine development. MedComm . 2022;3(1):e126.
31. Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, et al. Considerable escape of
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature .
2022;602(7898):671-675.
32. Dabrowska A, Szczepanski A, Botwina P, et al. Efficacy of antiviral
drugs against the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv .
Published online December 23, 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.12.21.473268
33. Saito A, Irie T, Suzuki R, et al. Enhanced fusogenicity and
pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Delta P681R mutation. Nature .
2022;602(7896):300-306.
34. Auvigne V, Vaux S, Strat YL, et al. Severe hospital events following
symptomatic infection with Sars-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants in
France, December 2021-January 2022: A retrospective, population-based,
matched cohort study. EClinicalMedicine . 2022;48(101455):101455.
35. Lauring AS, Tenforde MW, Chappell JD, et al. Clinical severity of,
and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from omicron,
delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: prospective
observational study. BMJ . 2022;376:e069761.
36. Van Goethem N, Chung PYJ, Meurisse M, et al. Clinical severity of
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant compared with Delta among hospitalized
COVID-19 patients in Belgium during autumn and winter season 2021-2022.Viruses . 2022;14(6):1297.
37. Russo P, Tacconelli E, Olimpieri PP, et al. Mortality in SARS-CoV-2
hospitalized patients treated with remdesivir: A nationwide,
registry-based study in Italy. Viruses . 2022;14(6):1197.
38. Chokkalingam AP, Hayden J, Goldman JD, et al. Association of
remdesivir treatment with mortality among hospitalized adults with
COVID-19 in the United States. JAMA Netw Open .
2022;5(12):e2244505.
39. Lakhanpal M, Sarkar D, Kumar R, Yadav I. Reduction in the rate of
mortality of moderate to severe COVID 19 infected patients with the use
of remdesivir - A tertiary care hospital-based retrospective
observational study. Anesth Essays Res . 2022;16(3):296-300.
40. Garibaldi BT, Wang K, Robinson ML, et al. Real-world effectiveness
of remdesivir in adults hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19): A retrospective, multicenter comparative effectiveness
study. Clin Infect Dis . 2022;75(1):e516-e524.
41. Karolyi M, Kaltenegger L, Pawelka E, et al. Early administration of
remdesivir may reduce mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients : A
propensity score matched analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr .
2022;134(23-24):883-891.
42. Slim MA, Appelman B, Peters-Sengers H, et al. Real-world evidence of
the effects of novel treatments for COVID-19 on mortality: A nationwide
comparative cohort study of hospitalized patients in the first, second,
third, and fourth waves in the Netherlands. Open Forum Infect
Dis . 2022;9(12):ofac632.
43. Beckerman R, Gori A, Jeyakumar S, et al. Remdesivir for the
treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 receiving supplemental
oxygen: a targeted literature review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep .
2022;12(1):9622.
44. Ali K, Azher T, Baqi M, et al. Remdesivir for the treatment of
patients in hospital with COVID-19 in Canada: a randomized controlled
trial. CMAJ . 2022;194(7):E242-E251.
45. WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium. Remdesivir and three other drugs
for hospitalised patients with COVID-19: final results of the WHO
Solidarity randomised trial and updated meta-analyses. Lancet .
2022;399(10339):1941-1953.
46. Adjei S, Hong K, Molinari NAM, et al. Mortality risk among patients
hospitalized primarily for COVID-19 during the Omicron and Delta variant
pandemic periods - United States, April 2020-June 2022. MMWR Morb
Mortal Wkly Rep . 2022;71(37):1182-1189.
47. Hussain Alsayed HA, Saheb Sharif-Askari F, Saheb Sharif-Askari N,
Hussain AAS, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Early administration of remdesivir to
COVID-19 patients associates with higher recovery rate and lower need
for ICU admission: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One .
2021;16(10):e0258643.
48. Tsuzuki S, Hayakawa K, Uemura Y, et al. Effectiveness of remdesivir
in hospitalized nonsevere patients with COVID-19 in Japan: A large
observational study using the COVID-19 Registry Japan. Int J
Infect Dis . 2022;118:119-125.
49. Jaroszewicz J, Kowalska J, Pawłowska M, et al. Remdesivir decreases
mortality in COVID-19 patients with active malignancy. Cancers
(Basel) . 2022;14(19):4720.
50. Rzymski P, Poniedziałek B, Rosińska J, et al. The association of
airborne particulate matter and benzo[a]pyrene with the clinical
course of COVID-19 in patients hospitalized in Poland. Environ
Pollut . 2022;306(119469):119469.