2.6. JC-1
Mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) was measured using the JC-1
mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit (Beyotime Institute of
Biotechnology, Beijing, China). The cells were incubated with JC-1
working dye for 20 min, washed twice with cold JC-1 staining buffer, and
visualized under a fluorescence microscope (DMI4000B; Leica, Wetzlar,
Germany).