Figure 2: Ox-LDL (10 µg/mL) induces VSMC-derived macrophage-like foam cell necroptosis. VSMCs were treated for 72 h with 5 µg/mL cyclodextrin-cholesterol complex to establish VSMC-derived foam cells, which were subsequently treated with different concentrations of ox-LDL for 24 h. (a) The morphology of VSMC-derived foam cells was observed using transmission electron microscopy. (b) and (c) The proportion of PI-positive cells was determined using flow cytometry and analyzed quantitatively. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **p < 0.01 vs. the control group.