As shown in Table 2, the compound 1,2BAB-2-MPE with anti-viral properties in vitro (Gunalan et al., 2014, FUNGI, Govindappa et al., 2014) was identified as part of the Geraniin fragments. The compound 1,2BAB-2-MPE has been reported by GC-MS analysis in leaf extract of Ocimum americanum Lwith antimicrobial properties. Other authors also noted the antimicrobial and anti-viral activities of 1,2BAB-2-MPE. Several anti-viral compounds identified in the crude leaf extracts of SM are; SMDCM – Thymol and SMM- p-Cymene. The fractionated crude leaf extracts contained other anti-viral phytochemicals such as L-.alpha.-Terpineol in SMMH, Limonene in SMMDCM, Thymol and L-.alpha.-Terpineol in SMEH. Thymol, a derivative of Carvacrol, has also been reported to be found in medicinal plants species such as thyme (Kowalczyk et al., 2020); both compounds are reported to inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (Lai et al., 2012, Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017). Thymol and Carvacrol have been said to possess anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities against Mpro both in silico and in vitro (plaque reduction assay of SARS-CoV-2 viral strain isolated from Egyptian patients) (Seadawy et al., 2020). These anti-viral identified compounds in SM leaf extracts are in line with reports of their anti-viral properties, such as Carvacrol with anti-herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1), anti-SARS-CoV-2, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory (Javed et al., 2020). Also, in line with other researchers, it is reported that Carvacrol has anti-HIV, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and vasorelaxan in bothin vitro and in vivo studies (Suntres et al., 2015, Mediouni et al., 2020). Carvacrol has been reported to have anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1), immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory in vitro , SARS-CoV-2 in silico study (Suntres et al., 2015, Javed et al., 2020).

The anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-oxidants properties have also been reported in the literature for the compound L-.alpha.-Terpineol (Cours, 2020, Panikar et al., 2021). In an in silico study, it was observed that p-Cymene impaired SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A (H1N1) viral replication (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017), while D-Limonene, although inconclusive, have been reported the same as an anti-SARS-Cov-2 inhibitor in a computer-aided drug design study (Meeran et al., 2020).