As shown in Table 2, the compound 1,2BAB-2-MPE with anti-viral
properties in vitro (Gunalan et
al., 2014, FUNGI,
Govindappa et al., 2014) was identified
as part of the Geraniin fragments. The compound 1,2BAB-2-MPE has been
reported by GC-MS analysis in leaf extract of Ocimum americanum Lwith antimicrobial properties. Other authors also noted the
antimicrobial and anti-viral activities of 1,2BAB-2-MPE. Several
anti-viral compounds identified in the crude leaf extracts of SM are;
SMDCM – Thymol and SMM- p-Cymene. The fractionated crude leaf extracts
contained other anti-viral phytochemicals such as L-.alpha.-Terpineol in
SMMH, Limonene in SMMDCM, Thymol and L-.alpha.-Terpineol in SMEH.
Thymol, a derivative of Carvacrol, has also been reported to be found in
medicinal plants species such as thyme
(Kowalczyk et al., 2020); both compounds
are reported to inhibit Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
(Lai et al., 2012,
Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017). Thymol and
Carvacrol have been said to possess anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities against
Mpro both in silico and in vitro (plaque reduction
assay of SARS-CoV-2 viral strain isolated from Egyptian patients)
(Seadawy et al., 2020). These anti-viral
identified compounds in SM leaf extracts are in line with reports of
their anti-viral properties, such as Carvacrol with anti-herpes simplex
virus types 1 (HSV-1), anti-SARS-CoV-2, immunomodulatory and
anti-inflammatory (Javed et al., 2020).
Also, in line with other researchers, it is reported that Carvacrol has
anti-HIV, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-cancer,
anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and vasorelaxan in bothin vitro and in vivo studies
(Suntres et al., 2015,
Mediouni et al., 2020). Carvacrol has
been reported to have anti-viral activity against herpes simplex virus
types 1 (HSV-1), immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory in vitro ,
SARS-CoV-2 in silico study
(Suntres et al., 2015,
Javed et al., 2020).
The anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-oxidants properties have also been reported
in the literature for the compound L-.alpha.-Terpineol
(Cours, 2020,
Panikar et al., 2021). In an in
silico study, it was observed that p-Cymene impaired SARS-CoV-2 and
Influenza A (H1N1) viral replication
(Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017), while
D-Limonene, although inconclusive, have been reported the same as an
anti-SARS-Cov-2 inhibitor in a computer-aided drug design study
(Meeran et al., 2020).