2.7.2 Ligand preparation
The two-dimensional (2D) structures of all the isolated phytochemical compounds were constructed using Marvin Sketch (ChemAxon, 2013). The 2D structures were then uploaded onto Avogadro software (Hanwell et al., 2012) to generate the three-dimensional (3D) coordinates of each compound. We used the Avogadro software to minimize the energy and then optimized the compounds using the UFF force field (Rappé et al., 1992). Before molecular docking, the final preparation of each of the compounds was carried out on UCSF Chimera, whereby hydrogen atoms and corresponding Gasteiger charges were added (Gasteiger and Marsili, 1978).