Phenotypic Variation across the Distribution
We sampled twenty populations of the A. viridiflora complex with various phenotypes that covered its entire distribution (Figure 1A and Table S1). The phenotypes of A. viridiflora complex populations grown in common gardens were investigated and compared, and each phenotype differed significantly among different populations by using ANOVA (Table 1). K-means cluster analysis was used to visualize the phenotypic variation among populations and identified two distinctive groups. Dim1 and Dim2 could explain 76.6% and 19.5% of the observed variation, respectively, and the cumulative contribution to the observed phenotypic variation was 96.1%. All individuals of Aquilegia viridiflora and A. kamelinii were found in Cluster 1, while individuals of A. hebeica were found in Cluster 2 (Figure 1A and S2A). There was a significantly negative correlation coefficient between some floral characteristics, including corolla length, petal length, spur length and pistil length, and the nutritional traits, including leaf area, leaf perimeter and height. In addition, the number of inflorescences was significantly negatively correlated with the above floral characteristics, while it was significantly positively correlated with the plant height (Figure S3).