General Anesthesia
Electrocardiogram (ECG), heart
rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse oxygen saturation
(SpO2), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide
(ETCO2), body temperature, and bispectral index (BIS)
were monitored before anesthesia, and peripheral venous access of the
upper limbs was opened. All subjects received standard general
anesthesia. Sevoflurane was mixed with oxygen/air to maintain
anesthesia, and the circulatory system was ventilated with positive
pressure. Propofol 4-6 mg/kg/h and remifentanil 0.1-0.3 μg/kg/min were
given intraoperatively to maintain anesthesia. According to the
operation needs, cisatracurium 0.05 mg/kg was injected intravenously.
All procedures are performed by the same team of surgeons and do not
require any additional local anesthesia by the surgeon. At the end of
the surgery, before extubation and full consciousness, patients were
randomly examined and treated by independent staff.