Patients
Participants met the following inclusion criteria: age 18-70 years, body mass index (BMI) 18-30 kg/m2, unlimited sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III, awareness, good communication, informed about the experiment, and voluntarily signed informed consent. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) severe coagulopathy; 2) systemic or puncture site infection; 3) allergy to the study drugs and contraindications; 4) severe impairment of liver, kidney, and heart function (New York Heart Association Classes III-IV); and 5) a history of chronic pain or persistent pain due to other diseases and analgesic treatment before surgery.