As outlined above, human impacts are known to have multiple and severe effects on the selection process, to the point that they can overshadow effects of natural processes (Leprieur et al. 2008). For example, there is a large body of evidence demonstrating that climatic warming has different impacts in terrestrial vs marine habitats, however few studies have compared terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater habitats, being embedded in a terrestrial matrix, have thermal regimes that are closely tied to air and thus their temperatures tend to be similar to surrounding land areas (Grant et al. 2021). Among all major ecosystems, evidence suggests freshwater and terrestrial communities are less affected by warming than marine systems (Burrowset al. 2011). However, this apparent resilience may lead to accumulation of greater extinction debts compared to marine systems, which are experiencing the highest community turnover (Blowes et al. 2019).