Process and Immobilization media Dilution rate (h-1) Operation duration Butanol Butanol Butanol ABE ABE ABE Reference
Titer (g/L) Yield (g/g) Productivity (g/L·h) Titer (g/L) Yield (g/g) Productivity (g/L·h)
STR, free cells
0.02 0.05 200 h 200 h 6.9 9.3 0.24 0.27 0.14 0.46 12.4 16.5 0.43 0.48 0.25 0.82
Al-Shorgani et al., 2019
STR, free cells STR, corn stover 0.01 0.13 0.44 200 h 100 h 200 h 7.6 10.1 9.5 0.4 0.35 0.33 0.1 1.3 4.2
NA
NA
NA
Gallazzi et al., 2015
STR, free cells STR, polyvinyl alcohol
0.04
300 h 140 h 7.1 13.4 0.24 0.44 0.22 0.4 9.4 22.1 0.32 0.73 0.29 0.66
Lee SM et al., 2008
STR with cell recycling 0.85 200 h NA NA NA 12.9 NA 11.0 Tashiro et al., 2005
STR with cell recycling 0.86 40 h 11.9 0.17 10.7 23.5 0.34 21.1 Jang et al., 2013
STR with cell recycling and in situ product separation 0.076 170 h 550 0.35 14.0 NA NA NA Nguyen et al., 2018
2-stage STR, Ca-alginate 1.0 727 h NA NA NA 3.9 0.21 4.0 Frick and Schugerl, 1986
PBR with brick 2.0 450 h 4.5 0.23 9.0 7.6 0.38 15.2 Qureshi et al., 2000
PBR with sugarcane bagasse 2.0 NA 3.8 0.20 7.5 5.7 0.31 11.3 Kong et al., 2015
PBR with wood pulp fiber 1.5 NA 4.6 0.16 6.9 8.1 0.28 12.1 Survase et al., 2012
3-stage PBR with corn stalk 0.04 750 h 12.6 0.24 0.51 19.9 0.38 0.8 Chang et al., 2016
4-stage PBR with ceramic beads 0.13 96 5.5 0.14 0.71 7.3 0.20 1.0 Badr et al., 2001
Recirculating PBR, corn stalk 0.2–1.0 20 days 2.9-5.5 0.18 0.9-2.9 5.5-9 0.32 1.5-5.1 Zhang et al., 2009
Recirculating FBB, cotton towel 0.9 600 h 5.1 0.42 4.6 6.8 0.51 6.1 Huang et al., 2004
FBB, cotton towel
0.12 1.88 600 h 300 h 10.4 9.6
0.24
1.24 16.8 15.0 13.7
0.35
1.8 24.2
This work
2-stage PBR with extraction, sugarcane bagasse 0.2 30 days 16.9 0.23 1.67 25.3 0.35 2.5 Bankar et al., 2012