Lipidomic analysis of moss species Bryum pseudotriquetrum andPhyscomitrium patens under cold stress
Yi Lu1,2, Finnur Freyr Eiriksson2,3,
Margrét Thorsteinsdóttir2,3 and Henrik Toft
Simonsen1,*
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of
Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; yilu@dtu.dk
(Y.L), hets@dtu.dk (H.T.S)
- ArcticMass, Sturlugata 8, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; finnur@arcticmass.is
(F.F.E); margreth@hi.is (M.T)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hagi,
Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
* Correspondence: hets@dtu.dk
Abstract
As non-vascular plants, which lack lignin for protection, bryophytes
support themselves in harsh environment by producing various chemicals.
In response to cold stress, lipids play a crucial role in cell
adaptation and energy storage. Specifically, bryophytes survive at low
temperatures by producing very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
(vl-PUFAs). However, a systematic knowledge and comprehensive
understanding of the cold acclimation of bryophytes is limited. To
overcome this obstacle, we performed lipid profiling using ultra-high
performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass
spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) of two moss species (Bryum
pseudotriquetrum and Physcomitrium patens ) cultivated at
standard condition compared to those cultivated at cold stressed
condition. The potential biomarkers were identified by multivariate
statistical analysis in each species. In B. pseudotriquetrum, we
found that the phospholipids and glycolipids increased significantly
under cold stress, while storage lipids decreased. The accumulation of
the lipids with high unsaturation degrees (i.e. at least one fatty acyl
chain contains more than two double bonds) mostly appear in
phospholipids and glycolipids. However, this trend cannot be observed inP. patens . This suggests that different moss species may undergo
a different lipid metabolic pathway of cold adaptation. Our findings
present a deeper understanding of how mosses are adapted to cold
temperature and provide a basis for future studies.
Keywords: lipidomics, cold stress, Bryum pseudotriquetrum,
Physcomitrium patens, biomarker.
Introduction
Bryophytes have high chemical complexity and produce various
metabolites, which indicate them as a promising resources in
biotechnological applications such as pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food
industry (Decker and Reski, 2020; Horn et al., 2021; Sabovljević et al.,
2016). Bryophytes naturally produce high amounts of very long- chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids (vl-PUFAs, (≥20 carbons, ≥2 unsaturation
degrees), including arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4) and eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA, 20:5) (Lu et al., 2019). The presence of vl-PUFAs is uncommon
in vascular plants. Long-chain PUFAs (≥18 carbons, ≥2 unsaturation
degrees), such as 18:2, 18:3, 20:4, 20:5, and 22:6, have been confirmed
to be beneficial for human health for preventing cardiovascular disease,
rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory diseases (Calder and Yaqoob, 2009;
Orsavova et al., 2015). The presence of PUFAs in mosses suggests mosses
can be used as novel source of food supplement (Shanab et al., 2018). It
is known that vl-PUFAs are essential for bryophytes to survive at low
temperatures, some bryophytes even exist in very harsh environment such
as the Arctic and Antarctic since they are capable of survive during
hard frost (Glime, 2017). However, a comprehensive analysis of different
moss species is lacking, and a detailed underlying mechanism of the
adaptation of mosses to cold stress is still unknown.
Low (< 10 ℃) or freezing temperature usually leads to changes
in the lipid composition and fatty acid desaturation in plants. The
accumulation of vl-PUFAs can lower the solidification point of the cells
and keep the plant membrane fluidity (Tarazona et al., 2015). However,
the existing studies of mechanisms of cold stress mainly focus on higher
plants and microalgae (Badea and Kumar Basu, 2009; Chen et al., 2013; de
Freitas et al., 2019; Valledor et al., 2013). As an intermediate
division between algae and vascular plants, bryophytes seem to be an
overlooked group. Although the lipid compositions of different moss
species were reported before to contain high contents of vl-PUFAs, most
of the studies only examined their fatty acid profiles using
conventional lipid analysis method such as thin-layer chromatography
(TLC) or gas chromatography (GC) (Dembitsky et al., 1993; Gellerman et
al., 1975; E. Hartmann et al., 1986; Pejin et al., 2012).
Physcomitrium patens is a model organism for studying non-seed
plants (Rensing et al., 2020), and the full genome of P. patenshas been published (Rensing et al., 2008). Compared to higher plants,P. patens has several enzymes such as Δ6-desaturase,
Δ5-desaturase and Δ6-elongase for desaturation and elongation for
synthesis of C18-above fatty acids (Beike et al., 2014; Domergue et al.,
2005). The lipidome of P. patens previously described consists of
phospholipids including phosphatidylcholines (PC),
phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylglycerols (PG),
phosphatidylinositols (PI), and phosphatidic acid (PA), glycolipids
including monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG),
digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols
(SQDG), storage lipids including diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG),
sphingolipids ceramides (Cer), free fatty acids (FA), and
lysophosphalipids (LPL) (Mikami and Hartmann, 2004; Resemann et al.,
2021). Specifically, few studies confirmed that low temperature leads to
the accumulation of the PUFAs in glycolipids (MGDG and DGDG) lipid class
in bryophytes such as Ceratodon purpureus (Aro and Karunen,
1988). A very recent study in P. patens reported an increase in
the levels of unsaturation of sphingolipids when exposing to cold
temperature, and that mosses undergo a different response pathway than
seed plants during low temperature acclimation (Resemann et al., 2021).
However, the mechanism has not yet been confirmed in other moss species.
In this study, we present the lipid composition in two moss species, and
report the changes in lipid composition under cold stress when
cultivated at 25 ℃ and 10 ℃ by using lipidomics approach. Bryum
pseudotriquetrum was selected for its fast growth rate at both standard
conditions, and at cold temperature in liquid culture. Therefore,B. pseudotriquetrum , together with the model species P.
patens, were chosen for investigating the lipid compositions and the
lipid molecular species changes during cold adaptation. The lipid
profiling was performed by ultra-high performance liquid
chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF
MS) and data were analyzed by multivariate data analysis including
principal components analysis (PCA) and projection to latent structures
with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The potential biomarkers that are
up-regulated and down-regulated under cold stress were identified, the
relative concentrations of identified lipid molecular species and the
total amount of each lipid class were quantified, and finally, the lipid
physiology of mosses and their biological functions of cold adaptation
are discussed.
Material and methods
Chemicals
HPLC grade chloroform and methanol, LC-MS grade acetonitrile,
isopropanol, ammonium acetate, tributylamine, and Potassium chloride
(KCl, purity≥99.0%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis,
Missouri, USA). Hexakis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phosphazene were
purchased from Apollo Scientific Ltd (Cheshire, UK). Glass tubes with
PTFE coated caps were purchased from DWK Life Sciences (Staffordshire,
UK). Ultra-pure water was obtained from a Milli-Q system (Sartorius,
Göttingen, Germany).
In vitro cultivation
P. patens was obtained from Moss Stock Center at University of
Freiburg, and sterilized B. pseudotriquetrum was obtained from
Nils Cronberg, Lund University. Moss liquid culture was grown in Knop
media (Reski and Abel, 1985), Prior to the experiment, moss culture was
blended in sterile water for 30 s and inoculation started with a biomass
concentration of 100-300 mg/L, 200 mL of blended moss liquid culture was
inoculated in a 600 mL cell culture flasks (Corning, USA) and kept on a
cell culture rocker. A 100 mL of biomass was harvested at day 21 for
extraction of moss at room temperature and the rest of the biomass was
left at 10 ℃, and then harvested after another 24 h. The harvested
biomass was filtered on a nylon filter and kept at -20 ℃ until
extraction.
In the standard condition, the moss liquid cultures were maintained in a
growth chamber with a temperature of 23 ± 1 °C, the light intensity was
kept at 15 – 20 Wm-2 as described by Pan et al.
(2015). Cold stressed moss was kept in a growth chamber at 10 ± 1 ℃ with
the same light intensity as the standard condition. Day/night cycle was
16h/8h in both conditions. Two biological replicates were prepared in
each condition.
Internal standards
EQUISPLASH and DGTS d9 were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids
(Alabasterm, Alabama, USA). A 10 μL of 100 μg/mL solution containing
each internal standard (IS) was spiked to the samples. The ISs include:
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) 15:0-18:1(d7), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
15:0-18:1(d7), phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 15:0-18:1(d7),
phosphatidylinositol (PI) 15:0-18:1(d7), phosphatidylserine (PS)
15:0-18:1(d7), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:1(d7),
lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) 18:1(d7), diglyceride (DG)
15:0-18:1(d7), triglyceride (TG) 15:0-18:1(d7)-15:0, MG 18:1(d7),
cholesterol ester (CE) 18:1(d7), sphingomyelin (SM) d18:1/18:1(d9),
sphingolipids ceramide (Cer) 18:1;2O/16:0(d7), and
diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) d9.
Lipid extraction
Liquid cultures of mosses were harvested and filtered using Nylon cell
strainers (pore size 70µm). The fresh moss material was ground in liquid
nitrogen. 200 mg fresh frozen moss material was weighed into a glass
tube; 3 mL chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) was added into the tube
together with IS. The mixture was ultrasonicated for 20 min in dark,
then vortexed on a vortex mixer before adding 0.75 mL 1M KCl. The
mixture was vortexed again and centrifuged at 2000 g for 5 min at 4 °C.
The organic phase was collected into a new glass tube by using a Pasteur
pipette. The remaining mixture was washed twice with 1 mL chloroform,
vortexed and centrifuged; the organic phases were combined and
evaporated under nitrogen stream and stored at -20 ℃ until analysis. The
dried lipid residue was re-suspended in 150 μL of reconstitution solvent
(one portion of chloroform/methanol (1:1, v/v) and nine portions of
isopropanol/acetonitrile/water (2:1:1, v/v/v)). The solution was
transferred to an Eppendorf tube and centrifuged at 13,000 g for 5 min
at room temperature, 100 μL of the supernatant was transferred to an
HPLC vial with a glass insert for analysis. Quality control (QC) was
prepared by pooling 10 μL aliquots of all samples.
Lipid quantification and
recovery
Relative quantification of individual lipid molecular species was
performed by using internal standards (see section 2.3) representing
their own lipid classes. Lipid recovery was calculated by spiking the
internal standards before (pre-spike) and after (post-spike) lipid
extraction. For lipids that generate more than one form of ions, the
most abundant ion form was chosen for relative quantification.
UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis
UHPLC-QTOF-MS was performed on an Agilent Infinity 1290 UHPLC system
(Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled with Agilent 6545
QTOF MS with Dual Jet Stream ESI source. Samples were separated on an
ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (100Å, 1.8 µm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm). The flow
rate was 0.4 mL/min and the column temperature was 55 °C. Solvent A
consists of acetonitrile/H2O (60:40, v/v) and solvent B
was isopropanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v), both supplied with 10 mM
ammonium acetate. Linear gradient started from 40% solvent B and
increased to 100% B in 10 min, and held at 100% B for 2 min, then
reconditioned to 40% B in 2.5 min. Total analysis time was 15 min. The
auto sampler temperature was 8 °C. Injection volume was 2 uL in positive
ionization (ESI+) mode and 5 μL in negative ionization (ESI-) mode. Mass
range was 100-1700 Da for MS scan and 30 – 1700 Da for MS/MS scan. Data
were recorded in positive and negative ionization mode with an
acquisition rate of 10 spectra/s in centroid profiles. Fragmentations
were recorded with fixed collision energies of 10, 20 and 40 eV with
maximum three precursors per cycle. Lock mass solution 1 μM
tributylamine and 10 μM hexakis(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phosphazene
with m/z 186.2216 and 922.0098 [M+H]+ in ESI+ mode
and m/z 966.0012 [M+COOH]- in ESI- mode.
Data analysis
Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis (B.07.00) was used for
preliminary data quality checking and for calculation of the internal
standards. The raw data files were imported directly to MS-DIAL (version
4.60) for further data analysis (peak peaking, deconvolution, compound
identification and alignment). Data normalization was achieved by
calculating relative concentrations by using the internal standard
representing the same lipid class. The alignment result was imported to
SIMCA 17 (Umetrics AB, Sweden) for principal components analysis (PCA)
and projection to latent structures with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA).
Data was pareto-scaled and log2-transformed. T-test was performed for
calculating statistical significance of lipid concentration changes.
Results
Standard calibration and
recovery
To perform relative quantification of detected lipids, calibration
curves of each IS were made with at least six concentration points
(Table 1). Eight ISs were used for quantification in ESI+ mode and five
in ESI- mode. The linear ranges vary from 0.125 to up to 40 ug/mL with
all R2 exceed 0.99.
The recovery of the ISs was tested by comparing the peak areas of their
corresponding m/z before (pre-spike) and after (post-spike) extraction
procedure. Most of the internal standards showed more than 85% recovery
(Supplementary figure S5). PI 15:0-18:1(d7) had with the lowest recovery
in both ESI+ and ESI- mode (73% and 78%, respectively), as expected
(Aldana et al., 2020).
Lipid compositions in B.
pseudotriquetrum and P.
patens
B. pseudotriquetrum was tested for its in vitro growth
ability, and it showed relatively high growth rate both under room
temperature and under cold temperature. Thus, this species was chosen
for evaluation of lipid profiling under cold stress together with the
model species P. patens to unravel the lipid metabolisms in
different moss species.
To review the lipid composition in B. pseudotriquetrum andP. patens , the identified lipids were classified accordingly to
their lipid classes in ESI+ and ESI- mode, the lipid classes and the
corresponding numbers of lipid metabolites are shown in Figure 1. In
total, 204 features in ESI+ mode and 176 in ESI- mode, were identified
in the whole dataset with high quality MS2 spectras, including different
adducts of the same lipid molecular species. After selecting the adduct
with the most abundant intensity of a lipid molecular species, 178 lipid
metabolites were detected in ESI+ mode and 143 in ESI- mode in B.
pseudotriquetrum , whereas 159 lipid metabolites were detected in ESI+
mode and 133 in ESI- mode in P. patens . Similar lipid metabolites
could be found in both species, but the amount of each lipid metabolite
varies (Supplementary Figure S2).
The major lipids found in both moss species are phospholipids such as
PC, PE, PG and PI, glycolipids MGDG, DGDG and SQDG, signaling lipid Cer,
and storage lipids DG and TG. Two unusual lipid classes PMeOH and
sulfonolipids were detected in both moss species, along with
considerable amounts of vl-PUFAs detected in ESI- mode as free fatty
acids (FA). The most abundant FA were in B. pseudotriquetrum 20:4
and 20:5, and in P. patens 16:0 (Supplementary Figure S2). In
addition, longer-chain-FAs with more than 20 carbons, such as saturated
or mono-saturated C22-C25 FAs, were detected in both moss species.
Identification of biomarkers under cold
stress
To discover the potential biomarkers of B. pseudotriquetrum andP. patens , chemometric approaches were applied by using
unsupervised PCA and supervised PLS-DA. First, PCA plots were generated
to visualize the group information and to monitor the quality of the
data (Supplementary Figure S1). The two moss species show clear
separation and the quality control samples are clustered tightly
together, indicating that the batch is of good quality. B.
pseudotriquetrum shows higher inter-species variations between room
temperature and cold temperature in ESI+ mode, this may indicate thatB. pseudotriquetrum has a stronger response to cold stress thanP. patens .
In order to discriminate the samples that belong to room temperature and
under cold stress in each species, individual PLS-DA models were built
for B. pseudotriquetrum and P. patens for ESI+ and ESI-
mode dataset, respectively (Figure 2). All models showed clear
separation of two groups of samples with high cumulative X and Y matrix
variations (R2X and R2Y, respectively) and high predictability (Q2). As
seen in Figure 4A, the PLS-DA model resulted in one predictive and two
orthogonal components. A total X variance (R2X) of 0.449 can be
explained, and the predicted variance R2Y was 0.961. The predictive
ability Q2Y = 0.676, which indicates good predictability (Eriksson et
al., 2006). To test the validity of the models, permutation tests with
999 iterations were performed for all four models. The permutation tests
are shown in Supplementary Figure S3. Normally, a well-fitted model
should have an intercept of R2 smaller than 0.4 and Q2 should be smaller
than 0.05. However, this is hard to achieve with too few samples in the
model. In this case, the slope of R2 and Q2 should be larger than 0. In
this work, all of the Q2 intercepts were below 0 but the R2 are greater
than 0.4, the slopes of both R2 and Q2 were larger than 0, thus, the
models can be considered valid.
The potential biomarkers were screened based on three criteria (fold
change of larger than 2 or smaller than 0.5, p<0.05, and VIP
>1). The lipid molecular species that fulfilled all three
criteria were designated as biomarkers for cold stress (Figure 3). InB. pseudotriquetrum , several membrane lipids (mostly PC, such as
PC 34:2, and PC 18:2_20:4, and PG 16:0_16:0, PI 34:2, as well as most
of the 34-38 carbons MGDG and DGDG with C16-18 FAs, showed an increase
under cold stress. In ESI- mode, all identified PMeOH lipids were
up-regulated under cold stress, together with PE 16:0_18:2, PE
16:0_20:4, and PI 16:0_18:2. The storage lipids, including DG and TG,
in contrast, are down-regulated under cold stress. In P. patens ,
most of the TG lipids decreased under cold stress, but several DG lipids
(e.g., DG 16:0_18:1, DG 16:0_20:3, and DG 18:1_18:3) and PG (PG
16:1_18:3 and PG 16:1_18:2) increased.
Four out of five identified PMeOH lipids (PMeOH 16:0_18:1, PMeOH
16:0_18:2, PMeOH 16:0_18:3, and PMeOH 16:0_20:4) showed significant
increase in both moss species. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the
choline head group from PC can react with methanol when phospholipase D
is active and the final product is PMeOH and choline. However, we
speculate the PMeOH is also produced endogenously in P. patenssince the total amount of PC decreased while total amount of PMeOH
increased.
Discussion
Calibration and
recovery
The standards used for the study was well recovered during the
extraction and were chosen based on a preliminary study on the lipid
profil. Welti et al. (2002) used hydrogenated MGDG and DGDG as internal
standards for plant lipid profiling since those lipids do not exist inArabidopsis thaliana . However, hydrogenated glycolipids are not
suitable for using as internal standards for bryophytes because we have
detected DGDG 32:0 (16:0_16:0) and SQDG 32:0 (16:0_16:0) produced byP. patens in our test run. Therefore, a deuterated glycolipid
DGTS (d9) was used for glycolipids (MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG)
quantification.
Lipid composition and changes during cold
stress
The major phospholipids, signaling lipids and storage lipids found in
both moss species are common lipid classes also found in algae, higher
plants and bryophytes (Chen et al., 2013; Conde et al., 2021; Okazaki
and Saito, 2018; Vu et al., 2014). The unusual lipid class PMeOH also
detected in both moss species is suspected to be an artifact from lipid
extraction when using methanol (Roughan et al., 1978). The PMeOH lipid
was identified by its characteristic m/z 110.981 (CH4OP-) in ESI- mode,
which corresponds to the head group of a phosphatidic acid with a methyl
group added to the phosphate, an example of the MS/MS spectrum of PMeOH
16:0_18:2 is shown in Supplementary Figure S4. The precursor of PMeOH
is generally believed to be PC, which reacts with methanol in the
presence of phospholipase D (PLD) by transphosphatidylation. Tsugawa et
al. (2019) analyzed the lipid compositions of nine algal species, but
only detected several PMeOH lipids in algae Euglena gracilis ,
even if all algal species were extracted with the same method. In our
study, the moss materials were kept at -20 ℃ as soon as possible after
harvest, and were ground in liquid nitrogen to quench the lipid
metabolism, before lipid extraction. Despite these precautions, PMeOH
was still detected, and it is still unclear under which circumstances
these formations of PMeOH occurred. Furthermore, differences of the cold
response are showed in PC and PMeOH, e.g., PC 16:0_18:2 decreased in
cold stress in P. patens , whereas PMeOH 16:0_18:2 increased
(Supplementary Figure S2). The different cold response of PC and PMeOH
suggests PMeOH may not only be an artifact of extraction, but could also
be a de novo biosynthetic pathway of P. patens . This could
be confirmed by using another extraction solvent, e.g., ethanol,
methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE), dichloromethane
(CH2Cl2), in future experiments.
Another unusual lipid class, sulfonolipids (SLs, or N-acyl-capnine)
again detected in both moss species are structurally related to
ceramides but has a sulfonic acid group in the sphingoid base (Walker et
al., 2017). Five SLs and oxidized SLs (O-acetylated SL) were identified
as [M-H]- adducts by their characteristic m/z 79.958, which
represents the sulfite group, and a neutral loss of the fatty acyl from
the sphingoid base, an example of MS/MS spectrum of SL (17:0;0/17:1) is
shown in Supplementary Figure S4. SLs were only described in diatoms
(Anderson et al., 1978) and some bacterial species before (Walker et
al., 2017). SL is likely produced by N-acylation of its precursor
capnine with fatty acids (Godchaux and Leadbetter, 1980).
The presence of SLs may suggest a new biosynthetic pathway of
bryophytes; however, it could also be bacterial contamination in the
liquid culture, even if SLs have not been detected by non-axenic
materials previously (Lu et al., 2021).
The detection of considerable amounts of vl-PUFAs in both moss species ,
including FA’s longer than 20 carbons is in agreement with (Beike et
al., 2014), that also described 24:0, 25:0, and 26:0 FAs in several moss
species. However, the level of total amount of FA in B.
pseudotriquetrum did not change under cold stress, which could have
been expected. Thus, there biosynthesis might not be regulated by
temperature but be a consistent production that ensure a constant
resistant to temperature changes.
Although B. pseudotriquetrum and P. patens have a similar
lipid composition in terms of the lipid molecular species, the
individual lipid molecular species vary in a quantitative level (Figure
2). Similar quantities of phospholipids (such as PC, PE, PG, PI, and PA)
were detected in both species, but B. pseudotriquetrum has
significant higher amounts of storage lipids (DG and TG), signaling
lipid Cer and FA. In contrast, P. patens has higher amounts of
glycolipids (MGDG, DGDG, and SQDG) compared to B.
pseudotriquetrum . The high concentration of glycolipids in P.
patens are mostly contributed by C16-18 carbon lipids such as MGDG
16:2_18:2, MGDG 16:2_18:3, MGDG 16:3_18:3, DGDG 16:0_18:2, and SQDG
16:0_18:2. B. pseudotriquetrum , on the other hands, contains
high amounts of 20:4-containing lipids such as DG 16:0_20:4, DG
20:4_20:4, TG 18:3_20:4_20:4, TG 20:4_20:4_20:4, and FA 20:4.
In B. pseudotriquetrum, phospholipids PC, PG, PI, and glycolipids
MGDG, showed significant increase (Figure 4). In the molecular species
level, accumulations of PC with at least one polyunsaturated fatty acyl
chain, such as PC 34:2 (16:0_18:2), PC 34:3 (16:0_18:3), PC 36:4
(16:0_20:4), and PC 38:7 (18:3_20:4), were observed under cold stress,
while lipid species with two saturated or mono-saturated fatty acyl
chains, such as PC 32:0 (16:0_16:0), and PC 32:1 (16:0_16:1) decreased
(Supplementary Figure S2). Lysophospholipids are minor components of
plant membranes and act as signaling mediators. In B.
pseudotriquetrum , LPC 16:0 and 20:4 also showed increase under cold
stress. Zhang et al. 2013 found several characteristic lysophospholipids
increase in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to low temperature.
The generation of lysophospholipids is caused by phospholipase A, which
releases a fatty acyl chain from glycerophospholipid (Hou et al., 2016).
Similar to PC, MGDG with higher degrees of unsaturation levels, such as
MGDG 36:6 (18:3_18:3), MGDG 34:6 (16:3_18:3), and MGDG 38:6
(18:2_20:4), increased under cold stress, while MGDG 34:1 (16:0_18:1)
decreased. Those findings are generally consistent with previous studies
of higher plants or algae (Chen et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2019;
Resemann, 2018; Wang et al., 2006). Wang et al. 2006 reported similar
results of Arabidopsis thaliana and concluded that several
phospholipases are more active when exposed to cold temperature.
It is known that vl-PUFAs provide freezing tolerance for the mosses
(Glime, 2017; Hansen and Rossi, 1991; E Hartmann et al., 1986; Lu et
al., 2019), one may expect to find higher PUFAs in association with
phospholipids and glycolipids. However, there are some exceptions
observed in B. pseudotriquetrum , such as PG 32:0(16:0_16:0) and
DGDG 32:0 (16:0_16:0), which increased under cold stress, whereas DGDG
40:8 (20:4_20:4) decreased.
The lipid metabolism of P. patens was described before (Mikami
and Hartmann, 2004), but the knowledge of lipid metabolism of howP. patens respond to cold stress is still limited. A recent study
investigated the lipid changes of wild type P. patens under cold
stress (Resemann, 2018), the author found that polyunsaturated C16 and
C18 FAs decreased, but vl-PUFAs (C20 and above) accumulated in
phospholipids and glycolipids. In our study, we found the 20:4 and 20:5
containing lipids accumulated mostly in PC, MGDG and DG in P.
patens under cold stress (Figure 3, Supplementary Figure S2).
Plants usually contain a larger amount of PG than animals and other
non-photosynthetic organisms, since PG is located not only on cellular
membranes, but also on chloroplast membranes (Welti et al., 2003).
Interestingly, PG is the only lipid class in which no FA 20:4 and above
were observed. This result matches with Resemann 2018, who studied the
lipid composition of P. patens . However, the reason why PG lipid
class contains no FA 20:4 remains unclear.
PE remained at the same level after exposing to cold temperature in both
moss species; this may indicate that PE is not actively involved in cold
adaptation in mosses, or that the temperature was not low enough to
cause a significant change to PE. This is similar to the results of
Hartmann et al. (1986), who reported that the AA and EPA contents in PE
lipid fraction of moss Leptobryum remained the same level after
20 days of cold stress, although the ratio between AA and EPA decreased
during the time.
Total content of TG decreased significantly in both B.
pseudotriquetrum and P. patens (Figure 4), which indicates the
TG breaks down in the moss cells when exposed to cold stress (Chen et
al., 2013), and use the FAs released from TG for synthesis of
phospholipids and glycolipids. Resemann (2018) reported a slight
increase of TG in wild type P. patens under cold stress at 4 °C.
However, they have conducted a much longer stress period (7 days), we
therefore assume the TG synthesis undergoes a decrease when exposed to
acute cold stress (24 h), then recovers gradually afterwards. The
regulation of TG in plants is not yet well-studied, possibly due to the
fact that TG lipids have complex structures and several combinations of
fatty acyls, which may cause false identifications based on their MS/MS
spectrums (Tsugawa et al., 2019).
Conclusion
By using mass spectrometry based lipidomic approach we identified
hundreds of lipids with high quality MS/MS spectrums in moss B.
pseudotriquetrum and P. patens . The lipidomes of Bryum
pseudotriquetrum is reported the first time. Unusual lipids such as
sulfonolipids, phosphatidylmethanol, and hydrogenated glycolipid DGDG
32:0, were found the first time in both moss species. Bryum
pseudotriquetrum and Physcomitrium patens respond differently to
cold stress. Multivariate statistical analysis of the LC-MS data fromB. pseudotriquetrum and P. patens, indicated that 25 and
26 lipids were found to be up-regulated and 43 and 69 lipids were
downregulated during cold stress, respectively. Overall, this work
provides further insight of the cold stress adaptation in bryophytes
with specific focus on the lipid metabolism.