3.2 Overall diet and seasonal variations
During the study, the langurs consumed 101 plant species from 43
families. Among the 101 identified tree species, 58.26% were trees (n =
67), and 2.61% were herbaceous (n = 3), accounting for 66.13% and
1.19% of the foraging records, respectively. Additionally, the langurs
consumed 29 species of lianas, accounting for 22.66% of the diet and
six of the top 20 species consumed. Furthermore, the langurs consumed
two species of parasitic plants, accounting for 7.39% of the diet and
two of the top 20 species consumed. The langurs also ate nest material,
a food that has not been recorded in other studies, accounting for about
0.29% of the total foraging record (n = 2249). In addition, at least
one insect was eaten (n = 2249, 0.04%; Table 2).
Each month, the langur group consumed between 24 species (April) and 49
species (January), with a monthly average of 38 (standard deviation
[SD] 6.64; Table 2). The monthly dietary diversity varied from 2.2
(August) to 3.4 (January), with an average of 3.08 (SD 0.35; Table 2).
Additionally, the monthly dietary diversity and the number of food
species that were consumed varied seasonally during the study period
(species number: χ2 = 6.33, P < 0.05;
dietary diversity: χ2 = 3.52, P < 0.05). The
langurs consumed more species and obtained a higher dietary diversity in
the dry season than in the rainy season.