5. Conclusion
Overall, by analysing genome-wide data from worldwide domestic goats and wild caprid genomes, we provided a first glimpse into the genomic structure of native goat populations in SWA. We demonstrated that the genetic pool of SWA goat populations was affected by the gene flow from Levant lineages in the Chalcolithic time period. We further found evidence for adaptive introgression of KITLG allele from Nubian ibex into domestic goats, which was under strong signature of selection in goat populations located in desert climates. This study reveals new insights into the evolutionary history of SWA goats and the importance of introgression in adaptation to past environmental challenges in this region.