Limitations
It is worth noting that our meta-analysis has some limitations. Firstly, our study lacks original data on long-term clinical outcomes such as infant respiratory morbidity during the first year of life, demand for oxygen treatment after discharge, and lung function before adulthood, all of which should be further studied in properly designed RCTs. Furthermore, the standard and dosage scheme of prophylactic caffeine use in our included studies are not completely consistent, which may affect data interpretation.