References
1. Ben-Avi R, Ben-Nun A, Levin S, Simansky D, Zeitlin N, Sternik L,et al. Tracheostomy after cardiac surgery: timing of tracheostomy as a risk factor for mortality. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014 28:493-6. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.10.031. 2. Sareh S, Toppen W, Ugarte R, Sanaiha Y, Hadaya J, Seo YJ, et al. Impact of early tracheostomy on outcomes following cardiac surgery: A National Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020:S0003-4975(20)31522-8. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.07.027. 3. Mirski MA, Pandian V, Bhatti N, Haut E, Feller-Kopman D, Morad A,et al. Safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary percutaneous tracheostomy program. Crit Care Med. 2012 ;40:1827-34. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31824e16af. 4. Combes A, Luyt CE, Nieszkowska A, Trouillet JL, Gibert C, Chastre J. Is tracheostomy associated with better outcomes for patients requiring long-term mechanical ventilation? Crit Care Med. 2007;35:802-7. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000256721.60517.B1 5. Tsai YC, Phan K, Stroebel A, Williams L, Nicotra L, Drake L, et al. Association between post-sternotomy tracheostomy and deep sternal wound infection: A retrospective analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8:3294-3300. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.11.70 6. Adly A, Youssef TA, El-Begermy MM, Younis HM. Timing of tracheostomy in patients with prolonged endotracheal intubation: a systematic review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;275:679-690. doi: 10.1007/s00405-017-4838-7. 7. Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240:205-13. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae. PMID: 15273542; PMCID: PMC1360123. 8. Herritt B, Chaudhuri D, Thavorn K, Kubelik D, Kyeremanteng K. Early vs. late tracheostomy in intensive care settings: Impact on ICU and hospital costs. J Crit Care. 2018;44:285-288. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.037. 9. Casamento AJ, Bebee B, Glassford NJ, Bellomo R. Prediction of tracheostomy in critically ill trauma patients: a systematic review. Crit Care Resusc. 2018;20:258-67. 10. Vallabhajosyula S, Kashani K, Dunlay SM, Vallabhajosyula S, Vallabhajosyula S, Sundaragiri PR, et al. Temporal trends and outcomes of prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy use in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock in the United States. Int J Cardiol. 2019 Jun 15;285:6-10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.03.008. 11. Krebs ED, Chancellor WZ, Beller JP, Mehaffey JH, Hawkins RB, Sawyer RG, et al. Long-term implications of tracheostomy in cardiac surgery patients: Decannulation and mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;111:594-9. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.052. 12. Trouillet JL, Luyt CE, Guiguet M, Ouattara A, Vaissier E, Makri R,et al. Early percutaneous tracheotomy versus prolonged intubation of mechanically ventilated patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154:373-83. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-6-201103150-00002. 13. Robertson DS: Tracheostomy and open heart surgery. Proc R Soc Med 57:855-864, 1964. 14. Westphal K, Byhahn C, Rinne T, Wilke HJ, Wimmer-Greinecker G, Lischke V. Tracheostomy in cardiosurgical patients: surgical tracheostomy versus ciaglia and fantoni methods. Ann Thorac Surg.1999;68:486-92. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(99)00565-2. 15. Affronti A, Casali F, Eusebi P, Todisco C, Volpi F, Beato V, et al. Early versus late tracheostomy in cardiac surgical patients: A 12-year single center experience. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33:82-90. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2018.05.041. 16. Diehl JL, El Atrous S, Touchard D, Lemaire F, Brochard L.Changes in the work of breathing induced by tracheostomy in ventilator-dependent patients. Am J Respir Crit Care1999;159:383–8. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9707046. 17. Rumbak MJ, Newton M, Truncale T, Schwartz SW, Adams JW, Hazard PB. A prospective, randomized study comparing early percutaneous dilational tracheotomy to prolonged translaryngeal intubation (delayed tracheotomy) in critically ill medical patients. Critical Care Med 2004;32:1689–94. doi: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000134835. 05161.b6 18. Nieszkowska A, Combes A, Luyt CE, Ksibi H, Trouillet JL, Gibert C,et al. Impact of tracheotomy on sedative administration, sedation level and comfort of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2005;33:2527-33. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000186898.58709.aa. 19. Siempos II, Ntaidou TK, Filippidis FT, Choi AMK. Effect of early versus late or no tracheostomy on mortality and pneumonia of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3:150-158. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00007-7. 20. Curtis JJ, Clark NC, McKenney CA, Walls JT, Schmaltz RA, Demmy TL,et al. Tracheostomy: A risk factor for mediastinitis after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:731–4. 21. Ngaage DL, Cale AR, Griffin S, Guvendik L, Cowen ME. Is post-sternotomy percutaneous dilational tracheostomy a predictor for sternal wound infections? Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:1076-9. 22. Pilarczyk K, Marggraf G, Dudasova M, Demircioglu E, Scheer V, Jakob H et al. Tracheostomy after cardiac surgery with median sternotomy and risk of deep sternal wound infections: Is it a matter of timing? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015;29:1573–814. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2015.04.002 23. Rahmanian PB, Adams DH, Castillo JG, Chikwe J, Filsoufi F. Tracheostomy is not a risk factor for deep sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;84:1984–91. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.07.024. 24. Toeg H, French D, Gilbert S, Rubens F. Incidence of sternal wound infection after tracheostomy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153:1394-1400.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.11.040. 25. Devarajan J, Vydyanathan A, Xu M, Murthy SM, McCurry KR, Sessler DI,et al. Early tracheostomy is associated with improved outcomes in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;214:1008-16.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.03.005. 26. Ballotta A, Kandil H, Generali T, Menicanti L, Pelissero G, Ranucci M, et al. Tracheostomy after cardiac operations: In-hospital and long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg 92: 528-533, 2011 doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.02.002 27. Walts PA, Murthy SC, Arroliga AC, Yared JP, Rajeswaran J, Rice TW,et al. Tracheostomy after cardiovascular surgery: an assessment of long-term outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:830-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.09.038. 28. Marino PL. Chapter 24. Principles of Mechanical Ventilation: In: Marino PL. The ICU book. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007: p 489.