Figure 3: Selection coefficients (exp(βungulate
presence)) from step-selection functions assessing whether carnivores
(coyotes, cougars, black bears and bobcats) made movements that placed
them in the proximity of a) mule deer and b) elk more often than
expected by chance in northeastern Oregon, 2016-2019. Dots represent
point estimates for the selection coefficient for ungulate presence and
bars represent 95% confidence intervals. The gray horizontal line at y
= 1 indicates indifference toward parturient ungulates; values above
this line indicate selection and values below the line indicate
avoidance. Cougars and bobcats did not encounter mule deer often enough
for models to converge.