Variable
Male (n=361) Female (n=240)
p-value
Age (years) 58.6 ± 13.2 65.5 ± 12.7 <0.001
Race Caucasian African American Other 292 (80.9) 51 (14.1) 18 (5.0) 201 (83.4) 32 (13.3) 7 (2.9)
0.429
Body mass index (kg/m2) 30.1 ± 6.51 29.9 ± 6.97 0.795
Hypertension 264 (73.13) 193 (80.42) 0.040
Diabetes mellitus 37 (10.25) 26 (10.83) 0.819
Chronic lung disease 40 (11.08) 46 (19.17) 0.006
Chronic kidney disease 11 (3.05) 2 (0.83) 0.087
Peripheral vascular disease 119 (32.96) 88 (36.67) 0.350
Atrial fibrillation 34 (9.42) 27 (11.25) 0.466
Coronary artery disease 57 (15.79) 29 (12.08) 0.204
Redo sternotomy 50 (13.85) 22 (9.17) 0.083
Bicuspid aortic valve 21 (5.82) 6 (2.50) 0.055
Preoperative hematocrit 39.6 ± 6.06 36.8 ± 5.79 <0.001
Aortic insufficiency ≥ moderate 159 (44.04) 93 (38.75) 0.198
Ejection fraction 54.8 ± 9.56 56.1 ± 9.47 0.097
Tamponade, rupture, or shock 111 (30.75) 76 (31.67) 0.812
Any malperfusion syndrome 121 (33.52) 69 (28.75) 0.218
Type of malperfusion syndrome Cerebral Coronary Visceral Renal Iliofemoral 45 (12.5) 26 (7.2) 23 (6.4) 25 (6.9) 61 (16.9) 29 (12.1) 16 (6.7) 12 (5.0) 11 (4.6) 24 (10.0) 0.889 0.801 0.482 0.236 0.018