Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest: CA has received research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, European Union (EU CURE), Novartis Research Institutes (Basel, Switzerland), Stanford University (Redwood City, Calif), and SciBase (Stockholm, Sweden); he is the Co-Chair for EAACI Guidelines on Environmental Science in Allergic diseases and Asthma, and serves on the Advisory Boards of Sanofi/Regeneron, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, and SciBase, and is the Editor-in-Chief of Allergy. SB is consultant for Lallemand Pharma and DSMB member for some COVID-19 vaccines and monoclonal antibodies