3.5. Marine nanoparticles-based biosensors:
Marine Nanomaterial based biosensors should be integrated within tiny
biochips, which enhances functionality of biosensors as well as made
portable, pocket friendly and easy to use (Singh et al., 2015).
Elgamouz et al. (2020) have prepared Noctiluca
scintillans ‐mediated AgNP’s biosensor for sensing hydrogen peroxide. It
was discovered that the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide on AgNP’s
catalytic surface is pH, temperature, and time-dependent. Using Abs
calibration curves, the test assay correctly predicts repeatable levels
of H2O2 in unlabeled samples in three
distinct ranges— mM, M, and nM.
Algal synthesized gold nanoparticles are utilized in the biosensing of
cancer diagnostics by analyzing the type and quantity of hormones in the
human body. The algae-produced nano Au‐Ag alloy has substantial
electrical catalytic activity against 2-butanones and offers a platform
for the early phase cancer development in which the
biosensor detects the initial stages by recognizing the presence of
malignant cells.
In separate research, the AuNPs biosensor from Hypnea Valenciawas shown to be capable of detecting human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
in urine samples from pregnant women in an HCG blood pregnancy kit
(Kuppusamy et al., 2014). Platinum NPs from S. myriocystum can be
used as biosensors to track the amount of adrenaline in the body, which
is a hormone-based medicine used to treat allergies, asthma, and heart
attacks (Sharma et al., 2019).
3.6. Marine pigment-based biosensors :
A whole-cell biosensor for cadmium assessment utilizing a colorimetric
technique has been created using a genetically engineered red pigment
generating bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans (Joe et al., 2012).
Lac Z reporter gene cassettes were created by combining the promoter
regions of inducible genes that detect high levels of Cd. The reporter
cassettes were transplanted into D. radiodurans R1 to assess
promoter activity and specificity. It can detect cadmium in
concentrations ranging from 1mM to 10mM. LacZ expression was increased
up to 100 lM Cd, but it swiftly decreased with increasing
concentrations. The presence of Cd reforms the color of the sensor
bacterium strain (KDH081) from light yellow to red, but the addition of
other metals have no impact. With a Cd detection range of 50nM to 1mM,
the color shift is produced by the formation of red pigment and can be
observed with the naked eye. By introducing a promoter region that may
be utilized as a possible colorimetric system-based biosensor, there is
a good chance of developing a novel pigment-based vector and host
system.
Table 2: List of marine biomaterial-based biosensors