1.5. Marine Nanoparticles:
In recent years, researchers have shown the great potential of marine sources in synthesis of nanoparticles (Asmathunisha & Kathiresan, 2013), as marine nanoparticles are both biocompatible and biodegradable. These include various marine species producing nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. Microbe-based nanoparticle synthesis allows for greater size control due to periplasmic space and vesicle compartmentalization. pH, substrate concentration, temperature, and duration of exposure to the substrate are all variables that influence intracellular particle production (Gericke & Pinches, 2006). With diverse antibacterial applications, the mangrove-derived microorganismsAspergillus niger , Penicillium fellutanum , andEscherichia coli can degradeĀ silver ions at a quicker pace (Singh et al., 2015). Other mangrove-derived yeast-like speciesRhodosporidium diobovatum and Pichia capsulate are also capable of synthesizing nanoparticles (Manivannan et al., 2010; Seshadri et al., 2012). Marine origin nanoparticles have shown significant applications in biomedical and biological streams including tissue engineering, cancer therapy, sensors, catalysis, drug delivery, electronic materials and wastewater treatment (Chaudhary et al., 2020).