3.3. Marine ceramics-based biosensors:
3.3.1. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) based biosensors :
Hydroxyapatite surface provides excellent ability to absorb functional molecules such as proteins, DNA, etc. Nishikawa et al. (2006) have shown that sodium hydroxyapatite is one of the most effective biomaterials for biosensor applications. By utilizing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and chitosan nanocomposite, Lu et al. (2010) created a new tyrosinase-based biosensor. By monitoring the reduction signal of the bio-catalytically generated quinone species at -0.2 V, the constructed biosensor was used to identify phenolic chemicals (vs. saturated calomel electrode). Sudhan et al. (2019) utilized the tannery hydroxyapatite-graphene multi-walled carbon nanotube’s sensing capability to detect a chemical that represents risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). This sensor helps in estimating the risk factors associated with SIDS.