References

1. von Hertzen L, Hanski I, Haahtela T. Natural immunity. Biodiversity loss and inflammatory diseases are two global megatrends that might be related. EMBO reports 2011;12 (11):1089-93.
2. Ceballos G, Ehrlich PR, Dirzo R. Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2017;114 (30):E6089-E96.
3. Díaz S, Fargione J, Chapin FS, 3rd, Tilman D. Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS biology 2006;4 (8):e277.
4. Marselle MR, Lindley SJ, Cook PA, Bonn A. Biodiversity and Health in the Urban Environment. Current Environmental Health Reports2021;8 (2):146-56.
5. Haahtela T, Holgate S, Pawankar R, et al. The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: world allergy organization position statement.The World Allergy Organization journal 2013;6 (1):3.
6. Haahtela T. A biodiversity hypothesis. Allergy2019;74 (8):1445-56.
7. Lynch SV, Wood RA, Boushey H, et al. Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2014;134 (3):593-601.e12.
8. Haahtela T, Laatikainen T, Alenius H, et al. Hunt for the origin of allergy - comparing the Finnish and Russian Karelia. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2015;45 (5):891-901.
9. Lehtimäki J, Karkman A, Laatikainen T, et al. Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments. Scientific reports 2017;7 :45651.
10. Riiser A. The human microbiome, asthma, and allergy. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2015;11 (1):35.
11. Ver Heul A, Planer J, Kau AL. The human microbiota and asthma.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology2019;57 (3):350-63.
12. Global Initiative for Asthma. A Pocket Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention (for Adults and Children Older than 5 years). A Pocket Guide for Health Professionals Updated 2021. 2021.
13. Stang A. Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses.Eur J Epidemiol 2010;25 (9):603-5.
14. Herzog R, Álvarez-Pasquin MJ, Díaz C, Del Barrio JL, Estrada JM, Gil Á. Are healthcare workers’ intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2013;13 (1):154.
15. Penson D, Krishnaswami S, Jules A, Seroogy J, McPheeters M. Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment form for cohort studies.Ottawa: Ottawa Hospital Research Institute 2012.
16. Park H, Shin JW, Park SG, Kim W. Microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PloS one 2014;9 (10):e109710.
17. Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson HE, Andersson AF, Björkstén B, Engstrand L, Jenmalm MC. Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2014;44 (6):842-50.
18. Toivonen L, Karppinen S, Schuez-Havupalo L, et al. Longitudinal Changes in Early Nasal Microbiota and the Risk of Childhood Asthma.Pediatrics 2020;146 (4).
19. Lee JJ, Kim SH, Lee MJ, et al. Different upper airway microbiome and their functional genes associated with asthma in young adults and elderly individuals. Allergy 2019;74 (4):709-19.
20. Kirjavainen PV, Karvonen AM, Adams RI, et al. Farm-like indoor microbiota in non-farm homes protects children from asthma development.Nature Medicine 2019;25 (7):1089-95.
21. Niemeier-Walsh C, Ryan PH, Meller J, Ollberding NJ, Adhikari A, Reponen T. Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and bacterial diversity in the lower respiratory tract of children. PloS one2021;16 (6):e0244341.
22. Thorsen J, Rasmussen MA, Waage J, et al. Infant airway microbiota and topical immune perturbations in the origins of childhood asthma.Nature Communications 2019;10 (1):5001.
23. Schei K, Simpson MR, Øien T, Salamati S, Rudi K, Ødegård RA. Allergy-related diseases and early gut fungal and bacterial microbiota abundances in children. Clinical and translational allergy2021;11 (5):e12041.
24. Karvonen AM, Kirjavainen PV, Täubel M, et al. Indoor bacterial microbiota and development of asthma by 10.5 years of age. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2019;144 (5):1402-10.
25. Birzele LT, Depner M, Ege MJ, et al. Environmental and mucosal microbiota and their role in childhood asthma. Allergy2017;72 (1):109-19.
26. Bisgaard H, Li N, Bonnelykke K, et al. Reduced diversity of the intestinal microbiota during infancy is associated with increased risk of allergic disease at school age. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 2011;128 (3):646-52.e1-5.
27. Dick S, Friend A, Dynes K, et al. A systematic review of associations between environmental exposures and development of asthma in children aged up to 9 years. BMJ open2014;4 (11):e006554.
28. O’Connor GT, Lynch SV, Bloomberg GR, et al. Early-life home environment and risk of asthma among inner-city children. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2018;141 (4):1468-75.
29. Ownby DR, Johnson CC, Peterson EL. Exposure to dogs and cats in the first year of life and risk of allergic sensitization at 6 to 7 years of age. Jama 2002;288 (8):963-72.
30. Donovan GH, Gatziolis D, Longley I, Douwes J. Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: results from a large New Zealand birth cohort. Nature Plants 2018;4 (6):358-64.
31. Hanski I, von Hertzen L, Fyhrquist N, et al. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012;109 (21):8334-9.
32. Ruokolainen L, von Hertzen L, Fyhrquist N, et al. Green areas around homes reduce atopic sensitization in children. Allergy2015;70 (2):195-202.
33. Ruokolainen L, Fyhrquist N, Haahtela T. The rich and the poor: environmental biodiversity protecting from allergy. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2016;16 (5).
34. Mhuireach G, Johnson BR, Altrichter AE, et al. Urban greenness influences airborne bacterial community composition. Science of The Total Environment 2016;571 :680-7.
35. Tischer C, Kirjavainen P, Matterne U, et al. Interplay between natural environment, human microbiota and immune system: A scoping review of interventions and future perspectives towards allergy prevention. Science of The Total Environment2022;821 :153422.
36. von Mutius E, Vercelli D. Farm living: effects on childhood asthma and allergy. Nature reviews Immunology2010;10 (12):861-8.
37. Müller-Rompa SEK, Markevych I, Hose AJ, et al. An approach to the asthma-protective farm effect by geocoding: Good farms and better farms.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2018;29 (3):275-82.
38. Ferrante G, Asta F, Cilluffo G, De Sario M, Michelozzi P, La Grutta S. The effect of residential urban greenness on allergic respiratory diseases in youth: A narrative review. World Allergy Organization Journal 2020;13 (1):100096.
39. Wu B, Guo X, Liang M, et al. Association of individual green space exposure with the incidence of asthma and allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental science and pollution research international 2022;29 (59):88461-87.
40. Ruff WE, Greiling TM, Kriegel MA. Host–microbiota interactions in immune-mediated diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology2020;18 (9):521-38.
41. Ruokolainen L, Paalanen L, Karkman A, et al. Significant disparities in allergy prevalence and microbiota between the young people in Finnish and Russian Karelia. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2017;47 (5):665-74.
42. Fazlollahi M, Lee TD, Andrade J, et al. The nasal microbiome in asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2018;142 (3):834-43.e2.
43. Seppo AE, Bu K, Jumabaeva M, et al. Infant gut microbiome is enriched with Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis in Old Order Mennonites with traditional farming lifestyle. Allergy2021;76 (11):3489-503.
44. Espuela-Ortiz A, Lorenzo-Diaz F, Baez-Ortega A, et al. Bacterial salivary microbiome associates with asthma among african american children and young adults. Pediatric pulmonology2019;54 (12):1948-56.
45. Huang YJ, Nelson CE, Brodie EL, et al. Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology2011;127 (2):372-81.e3.
46. Marri PR, Stern DA, Wright AL, Billheimer D, Martinez FD. Asthma-associated differences in microbial composition of induced sputum. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology2013;131 (2):346-52.e1-3.
47. Arrieta M-C, Stiemsma LT, Dimitriu PA, et al. Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma.Science Translational Medicine2015;7 (307):307ra152-307ra152.
48. Stiemsma LT, Arrieta MC, Dimitriu PA, et al. Shifts in Lachnospira and Clostridium sp. in the 3-month stool microbiome are associated with preschool age asthma. Clinical science (London, England : 1979)2016;130 (23):2199-207.
49. Fiuza BSD, Fonseca HF, Meirelles PM, Marques CR, da Silva TM, Figueiredo CA. Understanding asthma and allergies by the lens of biodiversity and epigenetic changes. Frontiers in immunology2021;12 :623737.
50. Alamri A. Diversity of microbial signatures in asthmatic airways.International journal of general medicine2021;14 :1367-78.
51. Jain PK, Purkayastha SD, De Mandal S, Passari AK, Govindarajan RK. Chapter 13 - Effect of climate change on microbial diversity and its functional attributes. In: De Mandal S, Bhatt P, editors. Recent Advancements in Microbial Diversity: Academic Press; 2020. p. 315-31.
52. Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, et al. Scientists’ warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2019;17 (9):569-86.