NDVI: normalized difference vegetation index; PM₁₀: particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm; PM_2.5: particle with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; O₃: ozone; NO₂: nitrogen dioxide; SO₂: sulfur dioxide.

^‡Model adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status at baseline, maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure at baseline, NDVI during pregnancy (spring and summer) and early exposure (spring and summer) variables were mutually included in the model.

^┴ Lower exposure indicated the air pollution level < 4^th quartile, higher exposure indicated the air pollution level ≥ 4^th quartile (during pregnancy: PM₁₀: 24.1 µg/m³; PM_2.5: 22.1 µg/m³; O₃: 54.9 µg/m³; NO₂: 10.3 µg/m³; SO₂: 13.3 µg/m³; during early-life: PM₁₀: 22.5 µg/m³; PM_2.5: 20.7 µg/m³; O₃: 52.8 µg/m³; NO₂: 9.78 µg/m³; SO₂: 11.8 µg/m³).

Bold denotes significant associations.

FIGURE 1 Associations (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR, 95% confidence intervals, 95% CI) between cumulative exposure to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within 300 m during pregnancy and early life and the risk of developing allergic rhinitis up to 27 years of age, The Espoo Cohort Study 1983-2011. Model adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status at baseline, maternal smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure at baseline, NDVI during pregnancy (spring and summer) and early exposure (spring and summer) variables were mutually included in the model.